{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:35:36Z","timestamp":1760232936104,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]],"date-time":"2022-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42275084","42122037","41905039","2022JM-142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42275084","42122037","41905039","2022JM-142"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Basic Research Program in Shaanxi Province of China","award":["42275084","42122037","41905039","2022JM-142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42275084","42122037","41905039","2022JM-142"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hydrogen chloride (HCl) is the main reservoir species of chlorine and chemical decomposition of nitrous oxide (N2O) is the primary source of NOx (=NO + NO2) in the stratosphere. Changes in stratospheric HCl and N2O play a critical role in modulating variations in stratospheric ozone. Thus, long-term trends in stratospheric HCl and N2O have been investigated in many studies, whereas short-term changes have not received enough attention. Here, using satellite observations and a chemical transport model, we found that two extreme change events for HCl and N2O in the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitude middle and lower stratosphere have occurred over past decades, which are characterized by a sharp increase in HCl and a decrease in N2O over several months; for example, HCl increased (and N2O decreased) by 0.135 ppbv (\u221233.352 ppbv) in 1987\/1988 and by 0.196 ppbv (\u221228.553 ppbv) in 2010\/2011. Further analysis shows that the extreme change events of stratospheric HCl and N2O in these two periods are closely related to anomalous residual circulation caused by the joint effects of the strong easterly phase of the semi-annual oscillation and the strong polar vortex.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14236114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T05:31:32Z","timestamp":1670218292000},"page":"6114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Extreme Change Events of Stratospheric HCl and N2O in the Mid-Latitude Region of the Northern Hemisphere"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Textile Chemical Engineering Auxiliaries, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi\u2019an Polytechnic University, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2891-3883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Systems Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation & Research Institute of HIWING Technology Academy, Beijing 100074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feiyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Textile Chemical Engineering Auxiliaries, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi\u2019an Polytechnic University, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9907-9120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wuhu","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"},{"name":"Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1126\/science.262.5136.1032","article-title":"Evidence for large upward trends of ultraviolet-B radiation linked to ozone depletion","volume":"262","author":"Kerr","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1039\/c8pp90059k","article-title":"Ozone\u2013climate interactions and effects on solar ultraviolet radiation","volume":"18","author":"Bais","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photochem. 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