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Limited by the coverage of direct observations, however, high-resolution spatial and temporal salinity data are not always available, which hinders the fine application of salinity data in discerning ocean processes and improved modeling of ocean physics and biogeochemistry. To supplement the salinity database, we reconstructed sea surface salinity (SSS) with reasonably high spatial resolution (0.05\u00b0 \u00d7 0.05\u00b0) over 2003\u20132020 in the South China Sea (SCS) with a machine learning algorithm based on a combination of MODIS-Aqua remote sensing data and a large cruise observation-based dataset. The reconstructed SSS has a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.2 when compared with our underway observations with a corresponding root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.3. The MAE between station-based observations and our reconstruction was 0.5, and the RMSE was 0.7. These validations strongly suggest that our reconstruction is highly adequate, representing at most a quarter of the identified discrepancies compared to the remote sensing SSS or two other prevalent model-derived datasets. Based on our reconstruction, the SSS in the SCS is relatively low in coastal waters, but high in the ocean basin, with a seasonal pattern with a minimum in the summer and a maximum in the winter. This spatio-temporal distribution is well consistent with the observations and is affected by the Pearl River plume, sea surface circulation, and precipitation. Using our reconstructed SSS, we were able to successfully characterize the spreading of the Pearl River and Mekong River plumes and the intrusion of the Kuroshio Current from the Pacific Ocean into the SCS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14236147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T05:31:32Z","timestamp":1670218292000},"page":"6147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Reconstruction of High-Resolution Sea Surface Salinity over 2003\u20132020 in the South China Sea Using the Machine Learning Algorithm LightGBM Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zhixuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1960-2629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guizhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China"},{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China"}]},{"given":"Xianghui","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9657-1016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianyu","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China"}]},{"given":"Minhan","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Holliday, N., Hughes, S., Shammon, T., and Sherwin, T. 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