{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T10:12:25Z","timestamp":1768817545988,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Key Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Province (Social Development Project)","award":["BE2021622"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2021622"]}]},{"name":"The Key Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Province (Social Development Project)","award":["BK20211037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20211037"]}]},{"name":"The Key Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Province (Social Development Project)","award":["2021JSJG219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JSJG219"]}]},{"name":"The Key Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Province (Social Development Project)","award":["SJCX21_0373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJCX21_0373"]}]},{"name":"The Key Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Province (Social Development Project)","award":["CE20225026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CE20225026"]}]},{"name":"The Key Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Province (Social Development Project)","award":["N20201011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N20201011"]}]},{"name":"The Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["BE2021622"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2021622"]}]},{"name":"The Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["BK20211037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20211037"]}]},{"name":"The Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["2021JSJG219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JSJG219"]}]},{"name":"The Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["SJCX21_0373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJCX21_0373"]}]},{"name":"The Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["CE20225026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CE20225026"]}]},{"name":"The Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["N20201011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N20201011"]}]},{"name":"The Higher Education Reform Educational Project of Jiangsu Province","award":["BE2021622"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2021622"]}]},{"name":"The Higher Education Reform Educational Project of Jiangsu Province","award":["BK20211037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20211037"]}]},{"name":"The Higher Education Reform Educational Project of Jiangsu Province","award":["2021JSJG219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JSJG219"]}]},{"name":"The Higher Education Reform Educational Project of Jiangsu Province","award":["SJCX21_0373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJCX21_0373"]}]},{"name":"The Higher Education Reform Educational Project of Jiangsu Province","award":["CE20225026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CE20225026"]}]},{"name":"The Higher Education Reform Educational Project of Jiangsu Province","award":["N20201011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N20201011"]}]},{"name":"The Postgraduate Research &amp; 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Various techniques (e.g., radiosondes, global navigation satellite system, satellite remote sensing and reanalysis products by data assimilation) can be used to measure (or retrieve) PWV. However, gathering PWV data with high spatial and temporal resolutions remains a challenge. In this study, we propose a new empirical PWV grid model (called ASV-PWV) using the zenith wet delay from the Askne model and improved by the spherical harmonic function and vertical correction. Our method is convenient and enables the user to gain PWV data with only four input parameters (e.g., the longitude and latitude, time, and atmospheric pressure of the desired position). Profiles of 20 radiosonde stations in Qinghai Tibet Plateau, China, along with the latest publicly available C-PWVC2 model are used to validate the local performance. The PWV data from ASV-PWV and C-PWVC2 is generally consistent with radiosonde (the average annual bias is \u22120.44 mm for ASV-PWV and \u22121.36 mm for C-PWVC2, the root mean square error (RMSE) is 3.44 mm for ASV-PWV and 2.51 mm for C-PWVC2, respectively). Our ASV-PWV performs better than C-PWVC2 in terms of seasonal characteristics. In general, a sound consistency exists between PWV values of ASV-PWV and the fifth generation of European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Atmospheric Reanalysis (ERA5) (total 7381 grid points in 2020). The average annual bias and RMSE are \u22120.73 mm and 4.28 mm, respectively. ASV-PWV has a similar performance as ERA5 reanalysis products, indicating that ASV-PWV is a potentially alternative option for rapidly gaining PWV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14236174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T04:00:37Z","timestamp":1670385637000},"page":"6174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["An Empirical Grid Model for Precipitable Water Vapor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4128-8122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinzhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Wuxi Institute, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Wuxi 214100, China"}]},{"given":"Fayuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Fuyang","family":"Ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Wuxi Institute, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Wuxi 214100, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3195-1688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Institute of Communications, Hangzhou 311112, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1408","article-title":"Research Progress and Prospect of GNSS Space Environment Science","volume":"46","author":"Yao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Geod. 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