{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T13:28:51Z","timestamp":1784640531020,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia, Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources","award":["T9\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T9\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia, Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources","award":["T18\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T18\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Peninsular Malaysia Geodetic Vertical Datum 2000 (PMGVD2000) inherited several deficiencies due to offsets between local datums used, levelling error propagations, land subsidence, sea level rise, and sea level slopes along the southern half of the Malacca Strait on the west coast and the South China Sea in the east coast of the Peninsular relative to the Port Klang (PTK) datum point. To cater for a more reliable elevation-based assessment of both sea level rise and coastal flooding exposure, a new epoch-based height reference system PMGVD2022 has been developed. We have undertaken the processing of more than 30 years of sea level data from twelve tide gauge (TG) stations along the Peninsular Malaysia coast for the determination of the relative mean sea level (RMSL) at epoch 2022.0 with their respective trends and incorporates the quantification of the local vertical land motion (VLM) impact. PMGVD2022 is based on a new gravimetric geoid (PMGeoid2022) fitted to the RMSL at PTK. The orthometric height is realised through the GNSS levelling concept H = hGNSS\u2013Nfit_PTK\u2013NRMDT, where NRMDT is a constant offset due to the relative mean dynamic ocean topography (RMDT) between the fitted geoid at PTK and the local MSL datums along the Peninsular Malaysia coast. PMGVD2022 will become a single height reference system with absolute accuracies of better than \u00b13 cm and \u00b110 cm across most of the land\/coastal area and the continental shelf of Peninsular Malaysia, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14236179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T04:00:37Z","timestamp":1670385637000},"page":"6179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Epoch-Based Height Reference System for Sea Level Rise Impact Assessment on the Coast of Peninsular Malaysia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sanusi","family":"Cob","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majid","family":"Kadir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AFTech Construction Sdn. Bhd., No. 71-01, Jalan Pendidikan 4, Taman Universiti, Skudai 81300, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7288-9545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rene","family":"Forsberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DTU-Space, National Space Institute, Elektrovej Bygning 327, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3940-194X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wim","family":"Simons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astrodynamics and Space Missions, Space Engineering Department, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delf University of Technology, Mekelweg 5, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Naeije","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astrodynamics and Space Missions, Space Engineering Department, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delf University of Technology, Mekelweg 5, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ami Hassan","family":"Din","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geospatial Imaging and Information Research Group (GI2RG), Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Husaini","family":"Yacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asyran","family":"Amat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daud","family":"Mahdzur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuhairy","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenidi","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norehan","family":"Yaacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0486-1225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Johann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geodesy, Technical University of Darmstadt, Franziska-Braun-Strasse 7, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0906-242X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DTU-Space, National Space Institute, Elektrovej Bygning 327, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1827-0899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hergeir","family":"Teitsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DTU-Space, National Space Institute, Elektrovej Bygning 327, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahrum","family":"Ses","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AFTech Construction Sdn. 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