{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T22:03:44Z","timestamp":1769205824011,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFB3901703"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3901703"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["GML2021GD0809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GML2021GD0809"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["42276180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42276180"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["41901305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41901305"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["61991453"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61991453"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2020C03100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020C03100"]}]},{"name":"Key Special Project for the Introduced Talents Team of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory","award":["2022YFB3901703"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3901703"]}]},{"name":"Key Special Project for the Introduced Talents Team of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory","award":["GML2021GD0809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GML2021GD0809"]}]},{"name":"Key Special Project for the Introduced Talents Team of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory","award":["42276180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42276180"]}]},{"name":"Key Special Project for the Introduced Talents Team of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory","award":["41901305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41901305"]}]},{"name":"Key Special Project for the Introduced Talents Team of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory","award":["61991453"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61991453"]}]},{"name":"Key Special Project for the Introduced Talents Team of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory","award":["2020C03100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020C03100"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation","award":["2022YFB3901703"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3901703"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation","award":["GML2021GD0809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GML2021GD0809"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation","award":["42276180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42276180"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation","award":["41901305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41901305"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation","award":["61991453"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61991453"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation","award":["2020C03100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020C03100"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province","award":["2022YFB3901703"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3901703"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province","award":["GML2021GD0809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GML2021GD0809"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province","award":["42276180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42276180"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province","award":["41901305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41901305"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province","award":["61991453"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61991453"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province","award":["2020C03100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020C03100"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Quantified research on the Arctic Ocean carbon system is poorly understood, limited by the scarce available data. Measuring the associated phytoplankton responses to air\u2013sea CO2 fluxes is challenging using traditional satellite passive ocean color measurements due to low solar elevation angles. We constructed a feedforward neural network light detection and ranging (LiDAR; FNN-LID) method to assess the Arctic diurnal partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and formed a dataset of long-time-series variations in diurnal air\u2013sea CO2 fluxes from 2001 to 2020; this study represents the first time spaceborne LiDAR data were employed in research on the Arctic air\u2013sea carbon cycle, thus providing enlarged data coverage and diurnal pCO2 variations. Although some models replace Arctic winter Chl-a with the climatological average or interpolated Chl-a values, applying these statistical Chl-a values results in potential errors in the gap-filled wintertime pCO2 maps. The CALIPSO measurements obtained through active LiDAR sensing are not limited by solar radiation and can thus provide \u2018fill-in\u2019 data in the late autumn to early spring seasons, when ocean color sensors cannot record data; thus, we constructed the first complete record of polar pCO2. We obtained Arctic FFN-LID-fitted in situ measurements with an overall mean R2 of 0.75 and an average RMSE of 24.59 \u00b5atm and filled the wintertime observational gaps, thereby indicating that surface water pCO2 is higher in winter than in summer. The Arctic Ocean net CO2 sink has seasonal sources from some continental shelves. The growth rate of Arctic seawater pCO2 is becoming larger and more remarkable in sectors with significant sea ice retreat. The combination of sea surface partial pressure and wind speed impacts the diurnal carbon air\u2013sea flux variability, which results in important differences between the Pacific and Atlantic Arctic Ocean. Our results show that the diurnal carbon sink is larger than the nocturnal carbon sink in the Atlantic Arctic Ocean, while the diurnal carbon sink is smaller than the nocturnal carbon sink in the Pacific Arctic Ocean.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14246196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T04:38:54Z","timestamp":1670387934000},"page":"6196","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Carbon Air\u2013Sea Flux in the Arctic Ocean from CALIPSO from 2007 to 2020"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0531-7528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), No. 1119, Haibin Rd., Nansha District, Guangzhou 511458, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0635-9220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), No. 1119, Haibin Rd., Nansha District, Guangzhou 511458, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9818-5346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenhua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), No. 1119, Haibin Rd., Nansha District, Guangzhou 511458, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]},{"given":"Delu","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), No. 1119, Haibin Rd., Nansha District, Guangzhou 511458, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau5153","article-title":"The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2 from 1994 to 2007","volume":"363","author":"Gruber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16156","article-title":"Future ocean hypercapnia driven by anthropogenic amplification of the natural CO2 cycle","volume":"529","author":"McNeil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1029\/93GB02263","article-title":"Seasonal variation of CO2 and nutrients in the high-latitude surface oceans: A comparative study","volume":"7","author":"Takahashi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarmiento, J.L. (2013). Ocean biogeochemical dynamics. Ocean Biogeochemical Dynamics, Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctt3fgxqx"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2008.12.009","article-title":"Climatological mean and decadal change in surface ocean pCO2, and net sea\u2013air CO2 flux over the global oceans","volume":"56","author":"Takahashi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marchem.2014.06.004","article-title":"Climatological distributions of pH, pCO2, total CO2, alkalinity, and CaCO3 saturation in the global surface ocean, and temporal changes at selected locations","volume":"164","author":"Takahashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.5670\/oceanog.2014.16","article-title":"A time-series view of changing surface ocean chemistry due to ocean uptake of anthropogenic CO2 and ocean acidification","volume":"27","author":"Bates","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oceanography"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7251","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-12-7251-2015","article-title":"Data-based estimates of the ocean carbon sink variability\u2013first results of the Surface Ocean pCO 2 Mapping intercomparison (SOCOM)","volume":"12","author":"Bakker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-10-405-2018","article-title":"Global carbon budget 2017","volume":"10","author":"Andrew","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1097403","article-title":"The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2","volume":"305","author":"Sabine","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"IPCC (2014). Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4917","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-17-0427.1","article-title":"Seasonal and regional manifestation of Arctic sea ice loss","volume":"31","author":"Onarheim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103001","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aade56","article-title":"Changing state of Arctic sea ice across all seasons","volume":"13","author":"Stroeve","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7523","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JC010273","article-title":"Mechanisms of Pacific summer water variability in the Arctic\u2019s Central Canada Basin","volume":"119","author":"Timmermans","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2017.04.005","article-title":"The Chukchi slope current","volume":"153","author":"Corlett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JC013135","article-title":"Flow patterns in the eastern Chukchi Sea: 2010\u20132015","volume":"123","author":"Stabeno","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1379","article-title":"Western Arctic Ocean freshwater storage increased by wind-driven spin-up of the Beaufort Gyre","volume":"5","author":"Giles","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"C00A05","article-title":"Surface freshening of the Canada Basin, 2003\u20132007: River runoff versus sea ice meltwater","volume":"114","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2015.05.002","article-title":"Continued increases in Arctic Ocean primary production","volume":"136","author":"Arrigo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1174190","article-title":"Aragonite undersaturation in the Arctic Ocean: Effects of ocean acidification and sea ice melt","volume":"326","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) (2019). Arctic Ocean Acidification Assessment: 2018 Summary for Policy-Makers, AMAP."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L23609","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL027028","article-title":"An increasing CO2 sink in the Arctic Ocean due to sea-ice loss","volume":"33","author":"Bates","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1189338","article-title":"Decrease in the CO2 uptake capacity in an ice-free Arctic Ocean basin","volume":"329","author":"Cai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1002\/grl.50268","article-title":"Further observations of a decreasing atmospheric CO2 uptake capacity in the Canada Basin (Arctic Ocean) due to sea ice loss","volume":"40","author":"Else","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-020-0784-2","article-title":"Sea-ice loss amplifies summertime decadal CO2 increase in the western Arctic Ocean","volume":"10","author":"Ouyang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Euskirchen, E.S., Bruhwiler, L.M., Commane, R., Parmentier, F.-J.W., Sch\u00e4del, C., Schuur, E.A., and Watts, J. (2022). Current knowledge and uncertainties associated with the Arctic greenhouse gas budget. Balancing Greenhouse Gas Budgets, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814952-2.00007-1"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.4319\/lom.2014.12.351","article-title":"Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean revisited","volume":"12","author":"Wanninkhof","year":"2014","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1998.43.4.0647","article-title":"Atmospheric exchange of carbon dioxide in a low-wind oligotrophic lake measured by the addition of SF6","volume":"43","author":"Cole","year":"1998","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-014-9926-2","article-title":"Advances in Air\u2013Sea CO2 Flux Measurement by Eddy Correlation","volume":"152","author":"Blomquist","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bound. -Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaay7934","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aay7934","article-title":"Shipborne eddy covariance observations of methane fluxes constrain Arctic sea emissions","volume":"6","author":"Thornton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-018-0612-5","article-title":"Patchy field sampling biases understanding of climate change impacts across the Arctic","volume":"2","author":"Metcalfe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G04024","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JG001224","article-title":"Air-sea flux of CO2 in the Arctic Ocean, 1998\u20132003","volume":"115","author":"Arrigo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v57i5.16565","article-title":"A comparison of multiple regression and neural network techniques for mapping in situ pCO2 data","volume":"57","author":"Watson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Tellus B: Chem. Phys. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C03020","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JC004646","article-title":"Neural network-based estimates of North Atlantic surface pCO2 from satellite data: A methodological study","volume":"114","author":"Friedrich","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7793","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-10-7793-2013","article-title":"A neural network-based estimate of the seasonal to inter-annual variability of the Atlantic Ocean carbon sink","volume":"10","author":"Gruber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6093","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-10-6093-2013","article-title":"Estimating temporal and spatial variation of ocean surface pCO 2 in the North Pacific using a self-organizing map neural network technique","volume":"10","author":"Nakaoka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4545","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-14-4545-2017","article-title":"Global high-resolution monthly pCO 2 climatology for the coastal ocean derived from neural network interpolation","volume":"14","author":"Laruelle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-12-2091-2019","article-title":"ffnn-lsce: A two-step neural network model for the reconstruction of surface ocean pco 2 over the global ocean","volume":"12","author":"Gehlen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-19-1087-2022","article-title":"A seamless ensemble-based reconstruction of surface ocean pCO 2 and air\u2013sea CO 2 fluxes over the global coastal and open oceans","volume":"19","author":"Chau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polar.2016.03.006","article-title":"Mapping of the air\u2013sea CO2 flux in the Arctic Ocean and its adjacent seas: Basin-wide distribution and seasonal to interannual variability","volume":"10","author":"Yasunaka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polar Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-15-1643-2018","article-title":"Arctic Ocean CO 2 uptake: An improved multiyear estimate of the air\u2013sea CO 2 flux incorporating chlorophyll a concentrations","volume":"15","author":"Yasunaka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2861","article-title":"Annual boom\u2013bust cycles of polar phytoplankton biomass revealed by space-based lidar","volume":"10","author":"Behrenfeld","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4305","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JC009970","article-title":"Ocean subsurface studies with the CALIPSO spaceborne lidar","volume":"119","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3593","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-3593-2008","article-title":"Sea surface wind speed estimation from space-based lidar measurements","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JTECHA1280.1","article-title":"CALIPSO\/CALIOP cloud phase discrimination algorithm","volume":"26","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.111827","article-title":"Antarctic spring ice-edge blooms observed from space by ICESat-2","volume":"245","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.111889","article-title":"Seasonal distributions of ocean particulate optical properties from spaceborne lidar measurements in Mediterranean and Black Sea","volume":"247","author":"Dionisi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2019.00251","article-title":"Going Beyond Standard Ocean Color Observations: Lidar and Polarimetry","volume":"6","author":"Jamet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-121916-063335","article-title":"Spaceborne Lidar in the Study of Marine Systems","volume":"10","author":"Hostetler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-5-125-2013","article-title":"A uniform, quality controlled Surface Ocean CO 2 Atlas (SOCAT)","volume":"5","author":"Pfeil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-5-145-2013","article-title":"Surface Ocean CO 2 Atlas (SOCAT) gridded data products","volume":"5","author":"Sabine","year":"2013","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-8-383-2016","article-title":"A multi-decade record of high-quality fCO 2 data in version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO 2 Atlas (SOCAT)","volume":"8","author":"Bakker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"K\u00f6rtzinger, A. (1999). Chap. Determination of carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2). Methods of Seawater Analysis, WILEY."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-2862(74)80010-5","article-title":"Control of myocardial oxygenation\u2014Effect of atrial pacing","volume":"8","author":"Weiss","year":"1974","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-8-297-2016","article-title":"The Global Ocean Data Analysis Project version 2 (GLODAPv2)\u2013an internally consistent data product for the world ocean","volume":"8","author":"Olsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3653","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-12-3653-2020","article-title":"An updated version of the global interior ocean biogeochemical data product, GLODAPv2. 2020","volume":"12","author":"Olsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6107","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-6107-2018","article-title":"The CALIPSO version 4 automated aerosol classification and lidar ratio selection algorithm","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2022.113235","article-title":"Retrieval of ocean optical and plankton properties with the satellite Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) sensor: Background, data processing, and validation status","volume":"281","author":"Behrenfeld","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2020.107244","article-title":"New attenuated backscatter profile by removing the CALIOP receiver\u2019s transient response","volume":"255","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4355","DOI":"10.1002\/grl.50816","article-title":"Space-based lidar measurements of global ocean carbon stocks","volume":"40","author":"Behrenfeld","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020GL090909","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL090909","article-title":"Particulate Backscattering in the Global Ocean: A Comparison of Independent Assessments","volume":"48","author":"Bisson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2903","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-2903-2011","article-title":"A new method for retrieval of the extinction coefficient of water clouds by using the tail of the CALIOP signal","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614029","DOI":"10.3389\/frsen.2020.614029","article-title":"Retrieving Aerosol Optical Depth and High Spatial Resolution Ocean Surface Wind Speed From CALIPSO: A Neural Network Approach","volume":"1","author":"Murphy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-7-699-2013","article-title":"New estimates of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice extent during September 1964 from recovered Nimbus I satellite imagery","volume":"7","author":"Meier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1109\/72.623200","article-title":"Asymptotic statistical theory of overtraining and cross-validation","volume":"8","author":"Amari","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020GB006651","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GB006651","article-title":"Summertime evolution of net community production and CO2 flux in the western Arctic Ocean","volume":"35","author":"Ouyang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.5194\/os-10-17-2014","article-title":"A parameter model of gas exchange for the seasonal sea ice zone","volume":"10","author":"Loose","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7223","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL069581","article-title":"Air-sea exchange of carbon dioxide in the Southern Ocean and Antarctic marginal ice zone","volume":"43","author":"Butterworth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C10029","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JC005954","article-title":"Vertical structure, seasonal drawdown, and net community production in the Ross Sea, Antarctica","volume":"116","author":"Long","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3770","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL073593","article-title":"Direct determination of the air-sea CO2 gas transfer velocity in Arctic sea ice regions","volume":"44","author":"Prytherch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L05603","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL036318","article-title":"Effects of freezing, growth, and ice cover on gas transport processes in laboratory seawater experiments","volume":"36","author":"Loose","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L05121","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL017996","article-title":"Atmospheric CO2 balance: The role of Arctic sea ice","volume":"31","author":"Semiletov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garbe, C.S., Rutgersson, A., Boutin, J., Leeuw, G.d., Delille, B., Fairall, C.W., Gruber, N., Hare, J., Ho, D.T., and Johnson, M.T. (2014). Transfer across the air-sea interface. Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions of Gases and Particles, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-25643-1_2"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-017-0054-0","article-title":"Diverging seasonal extremes for ocean acidification during the twenty-first century","volume":"8","author":"Kwiatkowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5315","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-15-5315-2018","article-title":"Drivers of future seasonal cycle changes in oceanic pCO 2","volume":"15","author":"Gallego","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1134\/S0001437008010074","article-title":"Variability of the carbonate system parameters in the coast-shelf zone of the East Siberian Sea during the autumn season","volume":"48","author":"Pipko","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oceanology"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"624","article-title":"The carbonate system of the East Siberian Sea waters","volume":"402","author":"Pipko","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dokl. Earth Sci.\/Doklady-Akademiia Nauk"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2006.05.012","article-title":"Carbonate chemistry dynamics and carbon dioxide fluxes across the atmosphere\u2013ice\u2013water interfaces in the Arctic Ocean: Pacific sector of the Arctic","volume":"66","author":"Semiletov","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5977","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-10-5977-2013","article-title":"Space\u2013time dynamics of carbon and environmental parameters related to carbon dioxide emissions in the Buor-Khaya Bay and adjacent part of the Laptev Sea","volume":"10","author":"Semiletov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-8-1987-2011","article-title":"Interannual variability of air-sea CO 2 fluxes and carbon system in the East Siberian Sea","volume":"8","author":"Pipko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abo0383","article-title":"Climate change drives rapid decadal acidification in the Arctic Ocean from 1994 to 2020","volume":"377","author":"Qi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C08005","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JC004578","article-title":"Primary production in the Arctic Ocean, 1998\u20132006","volume":"113","author":"Pabi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2838","article-title":"Revaluating ocean warming impacts on global phytoplankton","volume":"6","author":"Behrenfeld","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"GB2024","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GB003078","article-title":"Carbon-based primary productivity modeling with vertically resolved photoacclimation","volume":"22","author":"Westberry","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1796-9","article-title":"Global satellite-observed daily vertical migrations of ocean animals","volume":"576","author":"Behrenfeld","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13295","DOI":"10.1029\/95JC00452","article-title":"Optical characterization of the oceanic unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus grown under a day-night cycle in natural irradiance","volume":"100","author":"Stramski","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1529-8817.2002.02008.x","article-title":"Diel variations in optical properties of Micromonas pusilla (prasinophyceae) 1","volume":"38","author":"DuRand","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3423","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-8-3423-2011","article-title":"Inferring phytoplankton carbon and eco-physiological rates from diel cycles of spectral particulate beam-attenuation coefficient","volume":"8","author":"Boss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/24\/6196\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:35:37Z","timestamp":1760146537000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/24\/6196"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14246196"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14246196","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]}}}