{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T18:14:38Z","timestamp":1770142478599,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42076162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42076162"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202145"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["311020004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311020004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Education Innovation Project of Guangdong Ocean University","award":["42076162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42076162"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Education Innovation Project of Guangdong Ocean University","award":["202145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202145"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Education Innovation Project of Guangdong Ocean University","award":["311020004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311020004"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Group Project of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)","award":["42076162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42076162"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Group Project of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)","award":["202145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202145"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Group Project of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)","award":["311020004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311020004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although previous studies have recorded that tropical cyclones cause a significant increase in chlorophyll a concentration (Chl-a), most of these results were only based on surface Chl-a observed by satellite data. Using satellite, reanalysis and model data, this study investigated the response of the upper ocean and sea surface Chl-a to three different levels of tropical cyclones in the South China Sea. In our results, the severe tropical storm (STS) did not cause an increase in surface Chl-a or depth-integrated Chl-a in the short term (i.e., ~2 days); the typhoon (TY) increased the surface Chl-a from 0.12 mg\u00b7m\u22123 to 0.15 mg\u00b7m\u22123 in the short term, but the depth-integrated Chl-a did not increase significantly; the super typhoon (STY) caused the surface Chl-a to increase from 0.15 mg\u00b7m\u22123 to 0.37 mg\u00b7m\u22123 in the short term, and also increased the depth-integrated Chl-a from 40.41 mg\u00b7m\u22122 to 42.59 mg\u00b7m\u22122. These results suggest that the increase in the surface Chl-a after TY and STY were primarily caused by physical processes (e.g., vertical mixing). However, the increase in the depth-integrated Chl-a of STY may be due to the entrainment of both nutrients and phytoplankton through upwelling and turbulent mixing under the influence of STY.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14246207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T02:51:56Z","timestamp":1670467916000},"page":"6207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Possible Mechanism of Phytoplankton Blooms at the Sea Surface after Tropical Cyclones"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai 519082, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0920-3018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gang","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Coastal Evironmental Protection and Ecological Remediation, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"},{"name":"School of Humanities, York St John University, York YO31 7EX, UK"},{"name":"Jiangsu Jiuguan Institute of Environment and Resources, Yixing 214200, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1292-8861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Mortimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Humanities, York St John University, York YO31 7EX, UK"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai 519082, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Coastal Evironmental Protection and Ecological Remediation, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1360\/N972018-00668","article-title":"Progress and perspective on interactions between ocean and typhoon","volume":"64","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2006). Chinese National Standard Intensity Category for Tropical Cyclones. Standard No. GB\/T 19201\u20132006."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2006.51.1_part_2.0377","article-title":"Responses of estuarine and coastal marine phytoplankton to nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment","volume":"51 (1 Pt 2)","author":"Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.02.012","article-title":"Regional and seasonal variability of chlorophyll-a in Chesapeake Bay as observed by SeaWiFS and MODIS-Aqua","volume":"113","author":"Werdell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"98","article-title":"Review on Spatial-Temporal Variation of China\u2019 Offshore Phytoplankton Chlorophyll and Primary Productivity and Their Variational Mechanism","volume":"34","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Guangdong Ocean. Univ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., and Zhao, H. (2021). Spatial distribution of the summer subsurface chlorophyll maximum in the North South China Sea. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248715"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2004.49.2.0508","article-title":"Light driven seasonal patterns of chlorophyll and nitrate in the lower euphotic zone of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre","volume":"49","author":"Letelier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00951826","article-title":"Abundance of picophytoplankton in the subsurface chlorophyll maximum layer in subtropical and tropical waters","volume":"79","author":"Takahashi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s10872-005-0066-7","article-title":"Estimating Chlorophyll-a Vertical Profiles from Satellite Data and the Implication for Primary Production in the Kuroshio Front of the East China Sea","volume":"61","author":"Siswanto","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1983)013<0117:TWOHAI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Wake of Hurricane Allen in the Western Gulf of Mexico","volume":"13","author":"Brooks","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Black, P.G. (1983). Ocean Temperature Changes Induced by Tropical Cyclones, The Pennsylvania State University."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1989)019<1017:OOTROT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Observations of the Response of Thermocline Currents to a Hurricane","volume":"19","author":"Brink","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1998)126<1195:UOTRTH>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Upper-Ocean Temperature Response to Hurricane Felix as Measured by the Bermuda Testbed Mooring","volume":"126","author":"Dickey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mon. Weather. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1958)015<0328:HATSST>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Hurricanes and the sea-surface temperature field","volume":"15","author":"Fisher","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babin, S.M., Carton, J.A., Dickey, T.D., and Wiggert, J.D. (2004). Satellite evidence of hurricane-induced phytoplankton blooms in an oceanic desert. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean., 109.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JC001938"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3354\/meps333061","article-title":"Offshore and nearshore chlorophyll increases induced by typhoon winds and subsequent terrestrial rainwater runoff","volume":"333","author":"Zheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3354\/meps08477","article-title":"Strong enhancement of chlorophyll a concentration by a weak typhoon","volume":"404","author":"Sun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2013.09.020","article-title":"Phytoplankton patchiness during spring intermonsoon in western coast of South China Sea","volume":"101","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Deep. Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2903","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JC013549","article-title":"Phytoplankton Increases Induced by Tropical Cyclones in the South China Sea During 1998\u20132015","volume":"123","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740130","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2021.740130","article-title":"Summer Phytoplankton Blooms Induced by Upwelling in the Western South China Sea","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrg.20041","article-title":"Two phytoplankton blooms near Luzon Strait generated by lingering Typhoon Parma","volume":"118","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s00343-020-9266-7","article-title":"Influence of sequential tropical cyclones on phytoplankton blooms in the northwestern South China Sea","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JG003331","article-title":"Contributions of physical and biogeochemical processes to phytoplankton biomass enhancement in the surface and subsurface layers during the passage of Typhoon Damrey","volume":"122","author":"Pan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2017.04.010","article-title":"Chlorophyll bloom in response to tropical cyclone Hudhud in the Bay of Bengal: Bio-Argo subsurface observations","volume":"124","author":"Chacko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Deep. Sea Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L18610","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL023716","article-title":"Hurricane-forced upwelling and chlorophyll a enhancement within cold-core cyclones in the Gulf of Mexico","volume":"32","author":"Walker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-12-00119.1","article-title":"An Overview of the China Meteorological Administration Tropical Cyclone Database","volume":"31","author":"Ying","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-020-0211-7","article-title":"Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Database Created by the China Meteorological Administration","volume":"38","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19-1","DOI":"10.1029\/2001GL014097","article-title":"Offshore Ekman transport and Ekman pumping off Peru during the 1997\u20131998 El Ni\u00f1o","volume":"29","author":"Halpern","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1981)011<0153:UORTAH>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Upper Ocean Response to a Hurricane","volume":"11","author":"Price","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1","article-title":"Upper ocean response to tropical cyclones in northwestern Pacific during 2001-2004 by Argo data","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Trop. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"67","article-title":"Influence of Typhoon Matsa on Phytoplankton Chlorophyll-a in the Northwest Pacific Ocean Offshore and Alongshore","volume":"35","author":"Shao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Guangdong Ocean. Univ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3354\/meps07488","article-title":"Comparison of phytoplankton blooms triggered by two typhoons with different intensities and translation speeds in the South China Sea","volume":"365","author":"Zhao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s12237-008-9034-y","article-title":"Estuarine Phytoplankton Responses to Hurricanes and Tropical Storms with Different Characteristics (Trajectory, Rainfall, Winds)","volume":"31","author":"Wetz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Estuaries Coasts"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3354\/meps331011","article-title":"Climate forcing of the spring bloom in Chesapeake Bay","volume":"331","author":"Miller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JPO4518.1","article-title":"Typhoon Kai-Tak: An Ocean\u2019s Perfect Storm","volume":"41","author":"Chiang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887240","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.887240","article-title":"Different Responses of Chlorophyll a to the Passage of the Tropical Storm Wipha (2019) in the Coastal Waters of the Northern Beibu Gulf","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3404","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JC012286","article-title":"Effect of a fast-moving tropical storm Washi on phytoplankton in the northwestern South China Sea","volume":"122","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s13131-012-0175-2","article-title":"Upper ocean responses to category 5 typhoon Megi in the western north Pacific","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Oceanol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3039","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JC007626","article-title":"Typhoon-induced phytoplankton blooms and primary productivity increase in the western North Pacific subtropical ocean","volume":"117","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3354\/meps140199","article-title":"Influences of cyclones on chlorophyll a concentration and Synechococcus abundance in a subtropical western Pacific coastal ecosystem","volume":"140","author":"Chang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2013.09.002","article-title":"Tropical storm-induced turbulent mixing and chlorophyll-a enhancement in the continental shelf southeast of Hainan Island","volume":"129","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/24\/6207\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:36:05Z","timestamp":1760146565000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/24\/6207"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14246207"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14246207","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]}}}