{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T12:11:19Z","timestamp":1781525479189,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"French National Research Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-11-LABX-0005-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-11-LABX-0005-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Regional Council \u201dHauts-de-France\u201d","award":["ANR-11-LABX-0005-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-11-LABX-0005-01"]}]},{"name":"European Funds for Regional Economic Development","award":["ANR-11-LABX-0005-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-11-LABX-0005-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lidar plays an essential role in monitoring the vertical variation of atmospheric aerosols. However, due to the limited information that lidar measurements provide, ill-posedness still remains a big challenge in quantitative lidar remote sensing. In this study, we describe the Basic algOrithm for REtrieval of Aerosol with Lidar (BOREAL), which is based on maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), and retrieve aerosol microphysical properties from extinction and backscattering measurements of multi-wavelength Mie\u2013Raman lidar systems. The algorithm utilizes different types of a priori constraints to better constrain the solution space and suppress the influence of the ill-posedness. Sensitivity test demonstrates that BOREAL could retrieve particle volume size distribution (VSD), total volume concentration (Vt), effective radius (Reff), and complex refractive index (CRI = n \u2212 ik) of simulated aerosol models with satisfying accuracy. The application of the algorithm to real aerosol events measured by LIlle Lidar AtmosphereS (LILAS) shows it is able to realize fast and reliable retrievals of different aerosol scenarios (dust, aged-transported smoke, and urban aerosols) with almost uniform and simple pre-settings. Furthermore, the algorithmic principle allows BOREAL to incorporate measurements with different and non-linearly related errors to the retrieved parameters, which makes it a flexible and generalized algorithm for lidar retrieval.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14246208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T02:51:56Z","timestamp":1670467916000},"page":"6208","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Retrieval of Aerosol Microphysical Properties from Multi-Wavelength Mie\u2013Raman Lidar Using Maximum Likelihood Estimation: Algorithm, Performance, and Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3187-5814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuyang","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 8518\u2013LOA\u2013Laboratoire d\u2019Optique Atmosph\u00e9rique, University of Lille, CNRS, 59650 Villeneuve d\u2019Ascq, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1601-8286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiaoyun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 8518\u2013LOA\u2013Laboratoire d\u2019Optique Atmosph\u00e9rique, University of Lille, CNRS, 59650 Villeneuve d\u2019Ascq, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Goloub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 8518\u2013LOA\u2013Laboratoire d\u2019Optique Atmosph\u00e9rique, University of Lille, CNRS, 59650 Villeneuve d\u2019Ascq, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Veselovskii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Podvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 8518\u2013LOA\u2013Laboratoire d\u2019Optique Atmosph\u00e9rique, University of Lille, CNRS, 59650 Villeneuve d\u2019Ascq, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1126\/science.255.5043.423","article-title":"Climate Forcing by Anthropogenic Aerosols","volume":"255","author":"Charlson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Masson-Delmotte, V., and Zhai, P. 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