{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T10:20:49Z","timestamp":1775816449706,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences \u201cCAS Earth Big Data Science Project\u201d","award":["XDA19040504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA19040504"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences \u201cCAS Earth Big Data Science Project\u201d","award":["42130113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42130113"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences \u201cCAS Earth Big Data Science Project\u201d","award":["22JR5RA090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22JR5RA090"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["XDA19040504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA19040504"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42130113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42130113"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["22JR5RA090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22JR5RA090"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Science and Technology Program","award":["XDA19040504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA19040504"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Science and Technology Program","award":["42130113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42130113"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Science and Technology Program","award":["22JR5RA090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22JR5RA090"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Long-term satellite observations of the water levels of lakes are crucial to our understanding of lake hydrological basin systems. The Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation satellite (ICESat) and ICESat-2 were employed to monitor the water level of Qinghai Lake in the hydrological basin. The median of absolute deviation (MAD) method was exploited to remove the outliers. The results confirmed that the MAD range of ICESat was from 0.0525 to 0.2470 m, and the range of \u03c3 was from 0.0778 to 0.3662 m; the MAD range of ICESat-2 was from 0.0291 to 0.0490 m, and the range of \u03c3 was from 0.0431 to 0.0726 m; ICESat-2 was less than that of ICESat. The reference ellipsoid and geoid transfer equations were applied to convert the water level to the World Geodetic System (WGS84) and Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM2008) geoid. The water level, as derived from laser altimeters, was validated by the Xiashe Hydrological Station; with ICESat, the coefficient of association (R) was 0.8419, the root mean square error (RMSE) was 0.1449 m, and the mean absolute error (MAE) was 0.1144 m; with ICESat-2, the R was 0.6917, the RMSE was 0.0531 m, and the MAE was 0.0647 m. The water levels from ICESat-2 are much more accurate than those from ICESat. The two combined laser altimeters showed that the R was 0.9931, the RMSE was 0.1309 m, and the MAE was 0.1035 m. The water level rise was 3.6584 m from 2004 to 2020. The rising rate was 0.2287 m\/a. The collaborative use of the ICESat-2 and ICESat satellites made it easier to obtain the lake water levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14246212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T03:23:49Z","timestamp":1670556229000},"page":"6212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Water Level Change of Qinghai Lake from ICESat and ICESat-2 Laser Altimetry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7594-3159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weixiao","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Gansu Province, Heihe Remote Sensing Experimental Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1366-5170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunlin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Gansu Province, Heihe Remote Sensing Experimental Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Western China\u2019s Environmental Systems, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"given":"Jinliang","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Gansu Province, Heihe Remote Sensing Experimental Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Gansu Province, Heihe Remote Sensing Experimental Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"given":"Weizhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Gansu Province, Heihe Remote Sensing Experimental Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1089967","article-title":"Global freshwater resources: Soft-path solutions for the 21st century","volume":"302","author":"Gleick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2298","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2009.54.6_part_2.2298","article-title":"Lakes and reservoirs as regulators of carbon cycling and climate","volume":"54","author":"Tranvik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Limnol. 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