{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:32:49Z","timestamp":1792024369287,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41971340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41971340"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41271410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41271410"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RSP-2021\/296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP-2021\/296"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"RESEARCHERS SUPPORTING PROJECT","award":["41971340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41971340"]}]},{"name":"RESEARCHERS SUPPORTING PROJECT","award":["41271410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41271410"]}]},{"name":"RESEARCHERS SUPPORTING PROJECT","award":["RSP-2021\/296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP-2021\/296"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gross primary production (GPP) is a key component in assessing the global change in carbon uptake and in evaluating the impacts of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems. A decrease in the photosynthetic rate due to stomata closing by vegetation could have an impact on GPP. Nonetheless, the uncertainty in long-term GPP patterns and their resilience to drought disturbances has not yet been examined thoroughly. In this study, four state-of-the-art GPP datasets, including the revised EC-LUE algorithm-driven GPP (GLASS-GPP), the EC flux tower upscaling-based GPP (FluxCom-GPP), the MODIS algorithm-driven GPP model (GIMMS-GPP), and the vegetation photosynthesis model-GPP (VPM-GPP), were used to assess GPP characteristics in the Middle East region for 36 years spanning the period of 1982 to 2016. All investigated datasets revealed an increasing trend over the study period, albeit with a more pronounced upward trend for the VPM-GPP dataset in the most recent decades (2000\u20132016). On the other hand, FluxCom-GPP exhibited less variability than the other datasets. In addition, while GLASS-GPP presented a significant increasing trend in some parts of the region, significant negative trends dominated the other parts. This study defined six significant drought episodes that occurred in the Middle East region between 1982 and 2017. The most severe drought events were recorded in 1985, 1989\u20131990, 1994, 1999\u20132001, 2008, and 2015, spreading over more than 15% of the total area of the region. The extreme droughts accounted for a high decline in GPP in the north of Iraq, the northeast of Syria, and the southwest of Iran, where 20.2 and 40.8% of the ecosystem\u2019s GPP were severely non-resilient to drought according to the GLASS and VPM-based GPP responses, respectively. The spatial distribution patterns of the correlations between the SEDI and GPP products were somewhat similar and coherent. The highest positive correlations were detected in the central and western parts of Turkey, the western and northeastern parts of Iran, and north Iraq, which showed anomalous r values (r = 0.7), especially for the SEDI-VPM and SEDI-FluxCom GPP associations. The findings of this study can provide a solid base for identifying at-risk regions in the Middle East in terms of climate change impacts, which will allow for better management of ecosystems and proper implementation of climate policies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14246237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T04:46:46Z","timestamp":1670561206000},"page":"6237","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Assessment of Carbon Productivity Trends and Their Resilience to Drought Disturbances in the Middle East Based on Multi-Decadal Space-Based Datasets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8925-7918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karam","family":"Alsafadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7295-1716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuoben","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0384-9061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bashar","family":"Bashir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2311-6789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Safwan","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Land Use, Technical and Precision Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, B\u00f6sz\u00f6rm\u00e9nyi 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Institutes for Agricultural Research and Educational Farm, University of Debrecen, B\u00f6sz\u00f6rm\u00e9nyi 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1708-0612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saad Sh.","family":"Sammen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Diyala, Baqubah 32001, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Alsalman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8219-4854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amit Kumar","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, 53111 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6639-6253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"El Kenawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo689","article-title":"Trends in the sources and sinks of carbon dioxide","volume":"2","author":"Raupach","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature Geosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1201609","article-title":"A Large and Persistent Carbon Sink in the World\u2019s Forests","volume":"333","author":"Pan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-11-1783-2019","article-title":"Global Carbon Budget 2019","volume":"11","author":"Friedlingstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth Syst. 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