{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T18:44:28Z","timestamp":1771613068998,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,10]],"date-time":"2022-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ANSYS, Inc."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>LiDAR sensors provide rich 3D information about their surroundings and are becoming increasingly important for autonomous vehicles tasks such as localization, semantic segmentation, object detection, and tracking. Simulation accelerates the testing, validation, and deployment of autonomous vehicles while also reducing cost and eliminating the risks of testing in real-world scenarios. We address the problem of high-fidelity LiDAR simulation and present a pipeline that leverages real-world point clouds acquired by mobile mapping systems. Point-based geometry representations, more specifically splats (2D oriented disks with normals), have proven their ability to accurately model the underlying surface in large point clouds, mainly with uniform density. We introduce an adaptive splat generation method that accurately models the underlying 3D geometry to handle real-world point clouds with variable densities, especially for thin structures. Moreover, we introduce a fast LiDAR sensor simulator, working in the splatted model, that leverages the GPU parallel architecture with an acceleration structure while focusing on efficiently handling large point clouds. We test our LiDAR simulation in real-world conditions, showing qualitative and quantitative results compared to basic splatting and meshing techniques, demonstrating the interest of our modeling technique.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14246262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T04:34:20Z","timestamp":1670819660000},"page":"6262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["AdaSplats: Adaptive Splatting of Point Clouds for Accurate 3D Modeling and Real-Time High-Fidelity LiDAR Simulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4771-7538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean Pierre","family":"Richa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Robotics, Mines Paris, PSL University, 75006 Paris, France"},{"name":"ANSYS France, 15 Pl. Georges Pompidou, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6696-9354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Emmanuel","family":"Deschaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Robotics, Mines Paris, PSL University, 75006 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1527-2650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Goulette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Robotics, Mines Paris, PSL University, 75006 Paris, France"},{"name":"U2IS, ENSTA Paris, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Dalmasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANSYS France, 15 Pl. 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