{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T12:19:13Z","timestamp":1780661953152,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,11]],"date-time":"2022-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42061014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42061014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019QZKK0201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP)","award":["42061014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42061014"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP)","award":["2019QZKK0201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0201"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glacier mass balance is one of the most direct indicators reflecting corresponding climate change. In the context of global warming, most glaciers are melting and receding, which can have significant impacts on ecology, climate, and water resources. Thus, it is important to study glacier mass change, in order to assess and project its variations from past to future. Here, the Karakoram, one of the most concentrated glacierized areas in High-Mountain Asia (HMA), was selected as the study area. This study utilized SRTM-C DEM and ICESat-2 to investigate glacier mass change in the Karakoram, and its response to climatic and topographical factors during 2000\u20132021. The results of the data investigation showed that, overall, the \u201cKarakoram Anomaly\u201d still exists, with an annual averaged mass change rate of 0.02 \u00b1 0.09 m w.e.yr-1. In different sub-regions, it was found that the western and central Karakoram glaciers gained ice mass, while the eastern Karakoram glaciers lost ice mass in the past two decades. In addition, it was discovered that the increasing precipitation trend is leading to mass gains in the western and central Karakoram glaciers, whereas increasing temperature is causing ice mass loss in the eastern Karakoram glacier. Generally, decreasing net shortwave radiation and increasing cloud cover in the Karakoram restricts ice mass loss, while topographical shading and debris cover also have dominant impacts on glacier mass change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14246281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T04:34:20Z","timestamp":1670819660000},"page":"6281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Continuous Karakoram Glacier Anomaly and Its Response to Climate Change during 2000\u20132021"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Drolma","family":"Lhakpa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Key Laboratory for Land Satellite Remote Sensing Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources, School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Novel Software Technology and Industrialization, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Tibet Institute of Plateau Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Tibet Meteorological Bureau, Lhasa 850000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa 850000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yubin","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Key Laboratory for Land Satellite Remote Sensing Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources, School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Novel Software Technology and Industrialization, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Key Laboratory for Land Satellite Remote Sensing Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources, School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Novel Software Technology and Industrialization, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-7-1227-2013","article-title":"Reanalysing Glacier Mass Balance Measurement Series","volume":"7","author":"Zemp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1659\/0276-4741(2005)025[0332:TKAGEA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Karakoram Anomaly? Glacier Expantion and the \u201cElevation Effect,\u201d Karakoram Himalaya","volume":"25","author":"Hewitt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mt. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11324","article-title":"Contrasting patterns of early twenty-first-century glacier mass change in the Himalayas","volume":"488","author":"Berthier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1450","article-title":"Slight Mass Gain of Karakoram Glaciers in the Early Twenty-First Century","volume":"5","author":"Gardelle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-9-557-2015","article-title":"Brief Communication: Contending Estimates of 2003\u20132008 Glacier Mass Balance over the Pamir-Karakoram-Himalaya","volume":"9","author":"Treichler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-7-1263-2013","article-title":"Region-Wide Glacier Mass Balances over the Pamir-Karakoram-Himalaya during 1999","volume":"7","author":"Gardelle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-11-531-2017","article-title":"Brief communication: Glaciers in the Hunza catchment (Karakoram) have been nearly in balance since the 1970s","volume":"11","author":"Bolch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1017\/jog.2016.142","article-title":"Slight glacier mass loss in the Karakoram region during the 1970s to 2000 revealed by KH-9 images and SRTM DEM","volume":"63","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1017\/jog.2017.86","article-title":"Review of the status and mass changes of Himalayan Karakoram glacier","volume":"64","author":"Azam","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"141","article-title":"An overview of studies of observed climate change in the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region","volume":"8","author":"You","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Clim. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2017.07.003","article-title":"Glacier Mass-Balance and Length Variation Observed in China during the Periods 1959-2015 and 1930-2014","volume":"454","author":"Che","year":"2017","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Fox-Kemper, B., Hewitt, H.T., Xiao, C., A\u00f0algeirsd\u00f3ttir, G., Drijfhout, S.S., Edwards, T.L., Golledge, N.R., and Hemer, M. (2021). Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change. Climate Change 2021: The Physical 12 Science Basis, Cambridge University Press. In press."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-019-0513-5","article-title":"Manifestations and Mechanisms of the Karakoram Glacier Anomaly","volume":"13","author":"Farinotti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2999","article-title":"A Spatially Resolved Estimate of High Mountain Asia Glacier Mass Balances from 2000 to 2016","volume":"10","author":"Brun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2016.08.029","article-title":"Glacier status during the period 1973-2014 in the hunza basin, western karakoram","volume":"444","author":"Qureshi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6712","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07133-8","article-title":"A Decreasing Glacier Mass Balance Gradient from the Edge of the Upper Tarim Basin to the Karakoram during 2000-2014","volume":"7","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3189\/2016AoG71A024","article-title":"Glacier elevation and mass changes over the central karakoram region estimated from tandem-x and srtm\/x-sar digital elevation models","volume":"51","author":"Rankl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2018.03.014","article-title":"Early 21st century spatially detailed elevation changes of jammu and kashmir glaciers (karakoram\u2013himalaya)","volume":"165","author":"Vijay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Change"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-020-08323-0","article-title":"Long-term mass balance modeling (1986\u20132018) and climate sensitivity of siachen glacier, east-karakoram","volume":"192","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-018-4133-3","article-title":"Deciphering the contrasting climatic trends between the central himalaya and karakoram with 36 years of WRF simulations","volume":"52","author":"Norris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL075284","article-title":"A Hydrometeorological Perspective on the Karakoram Anomaly Using Unique Valley-Based Synoptic Weather Observations","volume":"44","author":"Bashir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13717","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14256-5","article-title":"Contrasting glacier responses to recent climate change in high-mountain Asia","volume":"7","author":"Sakai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2019.00363","article-title":"A Systematic, Regional Assessment of High Mountain Asia Glacier Mass Balance","volume":"7","author":"Shean","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03436-z","article-title":"Accelerated Global Glacier Mass Loss in the Early Twenty-First Century","volume":"592","author":"Hugonnet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2977","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-13-2977-2019","article-title":"Recent Glacier and Lake Changes in High Mountain Asia and Their Relation to Precipitation Changes","volume":"13","author":"Treichler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaz5845","article-title":"Pervasive ice sheet mass loss reflects competing ocean and atmosphere processes","volume":"368","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"90","article-title":"Continuous Estimates of Glacier Mass Balance in High Mountain Asia Based on ICESat-1,2 and GRACE\/GRACE Follow-On Data","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147864","article-title":"Decoding the Karakoram Anomaly","volume":"788","author":"Dimri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.12.029","article-title":"The Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2): Science Requirements, Concept, and Implementation","volume":"190","author":"Markus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111352","article-title":"Land Ice Height-Retrieval Algorithm for NASA\u2019s ICESat-2 Photon-Counting Laser Altimeter","volume":"233","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-013-0695-5","article-title":"Assessment of the Accuracy of SRTM C- and X-Band High Mountain Elevation Data: A Case Study of the Polish Tatra Mountains","volume":"171","author":"Kolecka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3803","article-title":"The ERA5 Global Reanalysis","volume":"146","author":"Hersbach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-5-271-2011","article-title":"Co-Registration and Bias Corrections of Satellite Elevation Data Sets for Quantifying Glacier Thickness Change","volume":"5","author":"Nuth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-9-703-2015","article-title":"Mass Changes of Southern and Northern Inylchek Glacier, Central Tian Shan, Kyrgyzstan, during &sim;1975 and 2007 Derived from Remote Sensing Data","volume":"9","author":"Shangguan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3189\/S0260305500013070","article-title":"Active and passive microwave signatures of Antarctic firn by means of field measurements and satellite data","volume":"17","author":"Rott","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2511","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-13-2511-2019","article-title":"Heterogeneous Spatial and Temporal Pattern of Surface Elevation Change and Mass Balance of the Patagonian Ice Fields between 2000 and 2016","volume":"13","author":"Rott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2017.05.011","article-title":"High-Resolution Digital Elevation Models from Single-Pass TanDEM-X Interferometry over Mountainous Regions: A Case Study of Inylchek Glacier, Central Asia","volume":"130","author":"Neelmeijer","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-7-877-2013","article-title":"Density Assumptions for Converting Geodetic Glacier Volume Change to Mass Change","volume":"7","author":"Huss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-12-103-2018","article-title":"Recent Glacier Mass Balance and Area Changes in the Kangri Karpo Mountains from DEMs and Glacier Inventories","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.03.020","article-title":"Glacier Mass Balance in the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau and Its Surroundings from the Mid-1970s to 2000 Based on Hexagon KH-9 and SRTM DEMs","volume":"210","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-4-21-2010","article-title":"Geometric Changes and Mass Balance of the Austfonna Ice Cap, Svalbard","volume":"4","author":"Moholdt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.3189\/172756407782871440","article-title":"Glacier geometry and elevation changes on Svalbard (1936\u20131990): A baseline dataset","volume":"46","author":"Nuth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.3189\/002214309789470950","article-title":"Spatially Integrated Geodetic Glacier Mass Balance and Its Uncertainty Based on Geostatistical Analysis: Application to the Western Svartisen Ice Cap, Norway","volume":"55","author":"Rolstad","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1017\/jog.2016.96","article-title":"Overall Recession and Mass Budget of Gangotri Glacier, Garhwal Himalayas, from 1965 to 2015 Using Remote Sensing Data","volume":"62","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1017\/jog.2018.53","article-title":"Glacier Anomaly over the Western Kunlun Mountains, Northwestern Tibetan Plateau, since the 1970s","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, Y., Ke, C.-Q., Zhou, X., Shen, X., Yu, X., and Lhakpa, D. (2022). Glacier mass-balance estimates over High Mountain Asia from 2000 to 2021 based on ICESat-2 and NASADEM. J. Glaciol., 1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1017\/jog.2022.78"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1017\/jog.2019.32","article-title":"Karakoram Geodetic Glacier Mass Balances between 2008 and 2016: Persistence of the Anomaly and Influence of a Large Rock Avalanche on Siachen Glacier","volume":"65","author":"Berthier","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3870","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2016.2581482","article-title":"Elevation Changes Inferred from TanDEM-X Data over the Mont-Blanc Area: Impact of the X-Band Interferometric Bias","volume":"9","author":"Dehecq","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2019.01.007","article-title":"Quantifying Glacier Mass Change and Its Contribution to Lake Growths in Central Kunlun during 2000\u20132015 from Multi-Source Remote Sensing Data","volume":"570","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1107046","article-title":"Extracting a Climate Signal from 169 Glacier Records","volume":"308","author":"Oerlemans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2019.00107","article-title":"Contrasting Meteorological Drivers of the Glacier Mass Balance between the Karakoram and Central Himalaya","volume":"7","author":"Bonekamp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-015-2685-z","article-title":"Karakorum temperature out of phase with hemispheric trends for the past five centuries","volume":"46","author":"Zafar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1580","article-title":"Different glacier status with atmospheric circulations in Tibetan Plateau and surroundings","volume":"2","author":"Yao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.5887","article-title":"Karakorum-Hindukush-Western Himalaya: Assessing High-Altitude Water Resources","volume":"19","author":"Winiger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL076158","article-title":"Irrigation as a Potential Driver for Anomalous Glacier Behavior in High Mountain Asia","volume":"45","author":"Tuinenburg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0320-y","article-title":"Global surface warming enhanced by weak Atlantic overturning circulation","volume":"559","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6931","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-018-4557-9","article-title":"Recent decadal variability of daily observed temperatures in Hindukush, Karakoram and Himalaya region in northern Pakistan","volume":"52","author":"Waqas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-12-2109-2018","article-title":"Local topography increasingly influences the mass balance of a retreating cirque glacier","volume":"12","author":"Florentine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-13-29-2019","article-title":"Impacts of topographic shading on direct solar radiation for valley glaciers in complex topography","volume":"13","author":"Olson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-14-565-2020","article-title":"Deep learning applied to glacier evolution modelling","volume":"14","author":"Bolibar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, R., Ding, Y., Shangguan, D., Guo, W., Zhao, Q., Li, Y., and Song, M. (2022). Influence of Topographic Shading on the Mass Balance of the High Mountain Asia Glaciers. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14071576"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/04353676.1965.11879710","article-title":"Problems of Dating Ice-Cored Moraines","volume":"47","author":"Gunnar","year":"1965","journal-title":"Geogr. Annaler. A Phys. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"289","article-title":"Ablation on Debris Covered Glaciers: An Example from the Rakhiot Glacier, Punjab, Himalaya","volume":"218","author":"Mattson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Snow Glacier Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3189\/S0260305500012787","article-title":"Photogratntnetric analysis of 1984-89 surface altitude change of the partially debris-covered Eliot Glacier, Mount Hood, Oregon, V.S.A","volume":"17","author":"Lundstrom","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.3189\/002214310792447725","article-title":"Effects of debris on ice-surface melting rates: An experimental study","volume":"56","author":"Reznichenko","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1068","article-title":"Spatially variable response of Himalayan glaciers to climate change affected by debris cover","volume":"4","author":"Scherler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, F., Liu, S., Gao, Y., Zhu, Y., Bolch, T., K\u00e4\u00e4b, A., Duan, S., Miao, W., Kang, J., and Zhang, Y. (2022). Interdecadal glacier inventories in the Karakoram since the 1990s. Earth Syst. Sci. Data, Preprint.","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-2022-265"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.3189\/2013JoG12J180","article-title":"Influence of debris cover on terminus retreat and mass changes of chorabari glacier, garhwal region, central himalaya, india","volume":"59","author":"Dobhal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.3189\/2015JoG13J237","article-title":"Mass-balance changes of the debris-covered glaciers in the langtang himal, nepal, from 1974 to 1999","volume":"61","author":"Pellicciotti","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020GL091311","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL091311","article-title":"Distributed globaldebris thickness estimates reveal debris significantly impacts glacier mass balance","volume":"48","author":"Rounce","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/24\/6281\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:39:22Z","timestamp":1760146762000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/24\/6281"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,11]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14246281"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14246281","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,11]]}}}