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of Sciences","award":["2020A1515110242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020A1515110242"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["42122031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42122031"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["42074188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42074188"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["42104147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42104147"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["ZR2022JQ18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2022JQ18"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["XDB 41000000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB 41000000"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["2020A1515110242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020A1515110242"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ionospheric ion upflow is an important process for magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling via O+ source for the magnetosphere. This process occurs frequently in the subauroral polarization stream (SAPS) region where the SAPS-enhanced ion-neutral frictional heating tends to push ions upward because of enhanced upward pressure gradient force. However, the SAPS-induced neutral wind transport by ion-neutral friction may also play an important role in triggering ion upflow, which has been rarely studied. In this work, the thermosphere-ionosphere-electrodynamics general circulation model (TIEGCM) with\/without an empirical SAPS model has been employed to investigate the impacts of SAPS on ion upflow in the topside ionosphere. Our results separate different transport processes in the ion continuity equation, showing that SAPS can accelerate upward ambipolar diffusion along its channel because of ion-neutral frictional heating, but SAPS-induced horizontal neutral wind may have a comparable or even larger contribution to vertical ion drift when SAPS are fully developed. In addition, the neutral wind can induce both upward and downward ion drift in the SAPS region, depending on the direction of the neutral wind and the local geomagnetic declination and inclination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14246315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]],"date-time":"2022-12-14T02:54:21Z","timestamp":1670986461000},"page":"6315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Explaining Ionospheric Ion Upflow in the Subauroral Polarization Streams"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7156-0641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuhan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, School of Space Science and Physics, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6584-0647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, School of Space Science and Physics, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China"}]},{"given":"Qiaoling","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, School of Space Science and Physics, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1029\/JA078i013p02251","article-title":"Magnetic storm characteristics of the thermosphere","volume":"78","author":"Mayr","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. 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