{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T12:12:17Z","timestamp":1774008737551,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Environmental Research Council (UK)","award":["DST\/TM\/INDOUK\/2K17\/64 (C)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DST\/TM\/INDOUK\/2K17\/64 (C)"]}]},{"name":"Natural Environmental Research Council (UK)","award":["MR\/V022792\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V022792\/1"]}]},{"name":"European Space Agency (ESA)","award":["DST\/TM\/INDOUK\/2K17\/64 (C)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DST\/TM\/INDOUK\/2K17\/64 (C)"]}]},{"name":"European Space Agency (ESA)","award":["MR\/V022792\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V022792\/1"]}]},{"name":"UKRI Future Leader Fellowship","award":["DST\/TM\/INDOUK\/2K17\/64 (C)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DST\/TM\/INDOUK\/2K17\/64 (C)"]}]},{"name":"UKRI Future Leader Fellowship","award":["MR\/V022792\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V022792\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A growing coastal population is leading to increased anthropogenic pollution that greatly affects coastal and inland water bodies, especially in the tropics. The Sustainable Development Goal-14, \u2018Life below water\u2019 emphasises the importance of conservation and sustainable use of the ocean and its resources. Pollution management practices often include monitoring of water quality using in situ observations of chlorophyll-a (chl-a) and total suspended matter (TSM). Satellite technology, including the MultiSpectral Instrument (MSI) sensor onboard Sentinel-2, enables the continuous monitoring of these variables in inland waters at high spatial and temporal resolutions. To improve the monitoring of water quality in the tropical Vembanad-Kol-Wetland (VKW) system, situated on the southwest coast of India, we present two regionally tuned satellite algorithms developed to estimate chl-a and TSM concentrations. The new algorithms estimate the chl-a and TSM concentrations from the simulated reflectance values as a function of the inherent optical properties using a forward modelling approach. The model was parameterised using the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) bio-Optical Marine Algorithm Dataset (NOMAD) and in situ measurements collected in the VKW system. To assess model performance, results were compared with in situ measurements of chl-a and TSM and other existing satellite-based models of chl-a and TSM. For satellite application, two different atmospheric correction methods (ACOLITE and POLYMER) were tested and satellite matchups were used to validate the new chl-a and TSM algorithms following standard validation procedures. The results demonstrated that the new algorithms were in good agreement with in situ observations and outperform existing chl-a and TSM algorithms. The new regional satellite algorithms can be used to monitor water quality within the VKW system to support the sustainable management under natural (cyclones, floods, rainfall, and tsunami) and anthropogenic pressures (industrial effluents, agricultural practices, recreational activities, construction, and demolishing concrete structures) and help achieve Sustainable Development Goal 14.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14246404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]],"date-time":"2022-12-20T02:05:02Z","timestamp":1671501902000},"page":"6404","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Regional Satellite Algorithms to Estimate Chlorophyll-a and Total Suspended Matter Concentrations in Vembanad Lake"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Varunan","family":"Theenathayalan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shubha","family":"Sathyendranath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK"},{"name":"National Centre for Earth Observation, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0224-7547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gemma","family":"Kulk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK"},{"name":"National Centre for Earth Observation, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nandini","family":"Menon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nansen Environmental Research Centre, Amenity Centre, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Cochin 682506, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0136-5445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grinson","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin 682018, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1396-3645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anas","family":"Abdulaziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Cochin 682015, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Selmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5134-8291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Brewin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Geography and Environmental Science, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anju","family":"Rajendran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin 682018, Kerala, India"},{"name":"Faculty of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin 682022, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Xavier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin 682018, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trevor","family":"Platt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1071\/MF00084","article-title":"Carbon in Catchments: Connecting Terrestrial Carbon Losses with Aquatic Metabolism","volume":"52","author":"Cole","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mar. 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