{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:30:30Z","timestamp":1772253030614,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]],"date-time":"2022-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Svalbard Environmental Protection Fund","award":["19\/120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19\/120"]}]},{"name":"Svalbard Environmental Protection Fund","award":["FRIPRO 276080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRIPRO 276080"]}]},{"name":"Svalbard Environmental Protection Fund","award":["SFF-III 223257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFF-III 223257"]}]},{"name":"Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System","award":["19\/120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19\/120"]}]},{"name":"Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System","award":["FRIPRO 276080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRIPRO 276080"]}]},{"name":"Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System","award":["SFF-III 223257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFF-III 223257"]}]},{"name":"Norwegian Polar Institute","award":["19\/120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19\/120"]}]},{"name":"Norwegian Polar Institute","award":["FRIPRO 276080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRIPRO 276080"]}]},{"name":"Norwegian Polar Institute","award":["SFF-III 223257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFF-III 223257"]}]},{"name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","award":["19\/120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19\/120"]}]},{"name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","award":["FRIPRO 276080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRIPRO 276080"]}]},{"name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","award":["SFF-III 223257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFF-III 223257"]}]},{"name":"Norwegian Research Council","award":["19\/120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19\/120"]}]},{"name":"Norwegian Research Council","award":["FRIPRO 276080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRIPRO 276080"]}]},{"name":"Norwegian Research Council","award":["SFF-III 223257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFF-III 223257"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Conservation of wildlife depends on precise and unbiased knowledge on the abundance and distribution of species. It is challenging to choose appropriate methods to obtain a sufficiently high detectability and spatial coverage matching the species characteristics and spatiotemporal use of the landscape. In remote regions, such as in the Arctic, monitoring efforts are often resource-intensive and there is a need for cheap and precise alternative methods. Here, we compare an uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV; quadcopter) pilot survey of the non-gregarious Svalbard reindeer to traditional population abundance surveys from ground and helicopter to investigate whether UAVs can be an efficient alternative technology. We found that the UAV survey underestimated reindeer abundance compared to the traditional abundance surveys when used at management relevant spatial scales. Observer variation in reindeer detection on UAV imagery was influenced by the RGB greenness index and mean blue channel. In future studies, we suggest testing long-range fixed-wing UAVs to increase the sample size of reindeer and area coverage and incorporate detection probability in animal density models from UAV imagery. In addition, we encourage focus on more efficient post-processing techniques, including automatic animal object identification with machine learning and analytical methods that account for uncertainties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15010009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T03:31:06Z","timestamp":1671593466000},"page":"9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["How Many Reindeer? UAV Surveys as an Alternative to Helicopter or Ground Surveys for Estimating Population Abundance in Open Landscapes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2839-3304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrid Marie Garfelt","family":"Paulsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, 9296 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}]},{"given":"\u00c5shild \u00d8nvik","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, 9296 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0577-5812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Hann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Cybernetics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6704-8568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie-Anne","family":"Blanchet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, 9296 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8670-3529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabell","family":"Eischeid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, 9296 Troms\u00f8, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT\u2014The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0156-9007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte","family":"van Hazendonk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arctic Geophysics, University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), 9171 Longyearbyen, Norway"}]},{"given":"Virve Tuulia","family":"Ravolainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, 9296 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}]},{"given":"Audun","family":"Stien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT\u2014The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}]},{"given":"Mathilde","family":"Le Moullec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2006.08.007","article-title":"Monitoring for conservation","volume":"21","author":"Nichols","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. 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