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As a critical disturbance in the China\u2013Mongolia\u2013Russia cross-border area, it is vital to understand the potential drivers of wildfires and predict where wildfires are more likely to occur. This study assessed factors affecting wildfire using the Random Forest (RF) model. No single factor played a decisive role in the incidence of wildfires. However, the climatic variables were most critical, dominating the occurrence of wildfires. The probability of wildfire occurrence was simulated and predicted using the Adaptive Network-based Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). The particle swarm optimization (PSO) model and genetic algorithm (GA) were used to optimize the ANFIS model. The hybrid ANFIS models performed better than single ANFIS for the training and validation datasets. The hybrid ANFIS models, such as PSO-ANFIS and GA-ANFIS, overcome the over-fitting problem of the single ANFIS model at the learning stage of the wildfire pattern. The high classification accuracy and good model performance suggest that PSO-ANFIS can be used to predict the probability of wildfire occurrence. The probability map illustrates that high-risk areas are mainly distributed in the northeast part of the study area, especially the grassland and forest area of Dornod Province of Mongolia, Buryatia, and Chita state of Russia, and the northeast part of Inner Mongolia, China. The findings can be used as reliable estimates of the relative likelihood of wildfire hazards for wildfire management in the region covered or vicinity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15010042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T03:02:15Z","timestamp":1671764535000},"page":"42","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Risk Factors and Prediction of the Probability of Wildfire Occurrence in the China\u2013Mongolia\u2013Russia Cross-Border Area"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yuheng","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China"},{"name":"Research Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuxing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0653-0646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaofei","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Forestry and Wildlife Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9835-3880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China"},{"name":"Research Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China"},{"name":"Research Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China"},{"name":"Research Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhongjie","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China"},{"name":"Research Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, P., and Kasperson, R. 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