{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:39:44Z","timestamp":1760233184995,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Defense Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars","award":["2020-JCJQ-ZQ-014","18-JCJQ-QT-015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-JCJQ-ZQ-014","18-JCJQ-QT-015"]}]},{"name":"Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST","award":["2020-JCJQ-ZQ-014","18-JCJQ-QT-015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-JCJQ-ZQ-014","18-JCJQ-QT-015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the development of manufacturing and launch technologies for satellites, there are now more and more satellite networks. Hence, cooperative reconnaissance is possible to implement among satellite networks, aerial vehicles and ground stations. In this paper, we study the method of geolocation and tracking by time difference of arrival (TDOA) measurements based on space\u2013air\u2013ground integrated (SAGI) network. We first analyze the Cramer Rao lower bound (CRLB) for the source localization accuracy in different coordinate systems. Then, we compare the effects of different system errors, such as clock synchronization error, position bias of the observers, elevation bias of the target and non-horizontal velocity of the target. Further, we also develop a maximum likelihood (ML) estimator for target position and velocity. Finally, the theoretical performance of the proposed estimator is validated via computer simulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15010044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T03:02:15Z","timestamp":1671764535000},"page":"44","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Geolocation and Tracking by TDOA Measurements Based on Space\u2013Air\u2013Ground Integrated Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jinzhou","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Spaceborne Information Intelligent Interpretation, Beijing Institute of Remote Sensing Information, Beijing 100192, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shouye","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Spaceborne Information Intelligent Interpretation, Beijing Institute of Remote Sensing Information, Beijing 100192, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sergeant School, Space Engineering University, Beijing 101416, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenglin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Spaceborne Information Intelligent Interpretation, Beijing Institute of Remote Sensing Information, Beijing 100192, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Spaceborne Information Intelligent Interpretation, Beijing Institute of Remote Sensing Information, Beijing 100192, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Spaceborne Information Intelligent Interpretation, Beijing Institute of Remote Sensing Information, Beijing 100192, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2014.2298831","article-title":"Single receiver emitter geolocation based on signal periodicity with oscillator instability","volume":"62","author":"Tzoreff","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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