{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T23:40:35Z","timestamp":1778542835074,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A substantial drop in atmospheric visibility or visual range (VR) is documented in several parts of the world. We examined the long-term spatiotemporal variability in ground-based VR data for ten airports in Pakistan from 1980 to 2020. Average VR time series analysis was performed using nonparametric tests of Mann\u2013Kendall (MK), Modified Mann\u2013Kendall (MMK), Sen\u2019s Slope (SS), and Sequential Mann\u2013Kendall (SMK), followed by spatiotemporal mapping. Bad VR (&lt;5 km) conditions prevailed over more than 60% of the study period. Noticeably, VR was better during 1991\u20132000 due to the high average annual rainfall (905 mm) during the 1990s. Plain areas such as Faisalabad experienced the greatest number of bad VR days with hourly (92.85%), daily (95.35%), monthly (90.97%), and seasonal (90.97%) measurements, followed by Sialkot and Multan. The VR of lowlands in central, southern, and eastern Punjab and northern, central, and eastern Sindh showed decreasing trends. In contrast, the VR in coastal areas of south and southwestern Sindh, in the western highlands, and parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province, have indicated positive trends. The results of this study will support policymakers in catering to the issue of declining VR in the region by supporting and developing strategies to limit the factor associated with VR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15010046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T03:02:15Z","timestamp":1671764535000},"page":"46","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Long-Term Variability of Atmospheric Visual Range (1980\u20132020) over Diverse Topography of Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8096-5547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sadaf","family":"Javed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth & Atmospheric Remote Sensing Lab (EARL), Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3795-9832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Imran","family":"Shahzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth & Atmospheric Remote Sensing Lab (EARL), Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3417-217X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sawaid","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Sensing for Climate and Development, Centre for Geographical Information System, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics (LSGI), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7631-1599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Majid","family":"Nazeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics (LSGI), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Research Institute for Land and Space, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-020-0009-7","article-title":"Estimation of PM2.5 Mass Concentration from Visibility","volume":"37","author":"Ji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. 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