{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T21:50:09Z","timestamp":1768773009568,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"California Department of Agriculture","award":["20-0001-031-SF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-0001-031-SF"]}]},{"name":"California Department of Agriculture","award":["NNH17AE39I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNH17AE39I"]}]},{"name":"NASA Applied Sciences-Water Resources Program","award":["20-0001-031-SF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-0001-031-SF"]}]},{"name":"NASA Applied Sciences-Water Resources Program","award":["NNH17AE39I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNH17AE39I"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service","award":["20-0001-031-SF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-0001-031-SF"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service","award":["NNH17AE39I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNH17AE39I"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate characterization of evapotranspiration (ET) is imperative in water-limited cropping systems such as California vineyards and almond orchards. Satellite-based ET modeling techniques, including the atmosphere\u2013land exchange inverse model (ALEXI) and associated flux disaggregation technique (DisALEXI), have proven reliable in determining field scale ET. However, validation efforts typically focus on ET and omit an evaluation of partitioned evaporation (E) and transpiration (T). ALEXI\/DisALEXI is based on the two-source energy balance (TSEB) model, making it uniquely qualified to derive E and T individually. The current study evaluated E and T estimates derived using two formulations of DisALEXI; one based on Priestley-Taylor (DisALEXI-PT) and the other on Penman-Monteith (DisALEXI-PM). The modeled values were validated against partitioned fluxes derived from the conditional eddy covariance (CEC) approach using EC flux towers in three wine grape vineyards and three almond orchards for the year 2021. Modeled estimates were derived using Landsat 8 Collection 2 thermal infrared and surface reflectance imagery as well as Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 surface reflectance datasets as input into DisALEXI. The results indicated that the modeled total ET fluxes were similar between the two methods, but the partitioned values diverged, with DisALEXI-PT overestimating E and slightly underestimating T when compared to CEC estimates. Conversely, DisALEXI-PM agreed better with CEC-derived E and overestimated T estimates under non-advective conditions. Compared to one another, DisALEXI-PM estimated canopy temperatures ~5 \u00b0C cooler and soil temperatures ~5 \u00b0C warmer than DisALEXI-PT, causing differences in E and T of \u22122.6 mm day\u22121 and +2.6 mm day\u22121, respectively. The evaluation of the iterative process required for DisALEXI indicates DisALEXI-PM ET values converge on ALEXI ET with proportionate adjustments to E and T, while DisALEXI-PT convergence is driven by adjustments to E. The analysis presented here can potentially drive improvements in the modeling framework to provide specific soil and canopy consumptive water use information in unique canopy structures, allowing for improved irrigation and water use efficiencies in these water-limited systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15010068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T03:26:25Z","timestamp":1671765985000},"page":"68","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Evaluation of Partitioned Evaporation and Transpiration Estimates within the DisALEXI Modeling Framework over Irrigated Crops in California"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0889-8129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyle","family":"Knipper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Sustainable Agricultural Water Systems Unit, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}]},{"given":"Martha","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Hydrology and Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20707, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5060-8781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Bambach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Kustas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Hydrology and Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20707, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1865-2846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Hydrology and Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20707, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3685-592X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Einara","family":"Zahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Hain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35808, USA"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"McElrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Crops Pathology and Genetics Lab, Davis, CA 95616, USA"},{"name":"Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5748-4224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar Rosario","family":"Belfiore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5344-0980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Mar","family":"Alsina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"E&J Gallo Winery, Winegrowing Research, Modesto, CA 95354, USA"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Saa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Almond Board of California, Agricultural Research, Modesto, CA 95354, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-017-0006-8","article-title":"Water competition between cities and agriculture driven by climate change and urban growth","volume":"1","author":"Schneider","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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