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(NEDO)","award":["EAPA-46\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAPA-46\/2016"]}]},{"name":"New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO)","award":["MAC2\/4.6d\/302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAC2\/4.6d\/302"]}]},{"name":"New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO)","award":["MAC2\/1.1.a\/385"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAC2\/1.1.a\/385"]}]},{"name":"New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO)","award":["PTDC\/CCI-CIF\/32474\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CCI-CIF\/32474\/2017"]}]},{"name":"New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO)","award":["JPNP18016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPNP18016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Monitoring marine contamination by floating litter can be particularly challenging since debris are continuously moving over a large spatial extent pushed by currents, waves, and winds. Floating litter contamination have mostly relied on opportunistic surveys from vessels, modeling and, more recently, remote sensing with spectral analysis. This study explores how a low-cost commercial unmanned aircraft system equipped with a high-resolution RGB camera can be used as an alternative to conduct floating litter surveys in coastal waters or from vessels. The study compares different processing and analytical strategies and discusses operational constraints. Collected UAS images were analyzed using three different approaches: (i) manual counting (MC), using visual inspection and image annotation with object counts as a baseline; (ii) pixel-based detection, an automated color analysis process to assess overall contamination; and (iii) machine learning (ML), automated object detection and identification using state-of-the-art convolutional neural network (CNNs). Our findings illustrate that MC still remains the most precise method for classifying different floating objects. ML still has a heterogeneous performance in correctly identifying different classes of floating litter; however, it demonstrates promising results in detecting floating items, which can be leveraged to scale up monitoring efforts and be used in automated analysis of large sets of imagery to assess relative floating litter contamination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15010084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T07:31:56Z","timestamp":1672126316000},"page":"84","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Designing Unmanned Aerial Survey Monitoring Program to Assess Floating Litter Contamination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2063-6826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00edlvia","family":"Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre\/ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network, Ag\u00eancia Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Tecnologia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o (ARDITI) Funchal, Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4842-3622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marko","family":"Radeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre\/ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network, Ag\u00eancia Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Tecnologia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o (ARDITI) Funchal, Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Wave Labs, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Astronomy, Faculty of Mathematics, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}]},{"given":"Tomoya","family":"Kataoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2143-6535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Canning-Clode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre\/ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network, Ag\u00eancia Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Tecnologia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o (ARDITI) Funchal, Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4282-9995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Pessanha Pais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre\/ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"R\u00faben","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre\/ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network, Ag\u00eancia Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Tecnologia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o (ARDITI) Funchal, Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Wave Labs, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3401-6495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Gama","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre\/ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network, Ag\u00eancia Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Tecnologia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o (ARDITI) Funchal, Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2016.01.031","article-title":"Enhancing Public Awareness and Promoting Co-Responsibility for Marine Litter in Europe: The Challenge of MARLISCO","volume":"102","author":"Veiga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mar. 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