{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T09:49:40Z","timestamp":1780048180892,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,25]],"date-time":"2022-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U1809208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1809208"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32171785"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32171785"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32201553"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32201553"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023C02035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023C02035"]}]},{"name":"Leading Goose Project of Science Technology Department of Zhejiang Province","award":["U1809208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1809208"]}]},{"name":"Leading Goose Project of Science Technology Department of Zhejiang Province","award":["32171785"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32171785"]}]},{"name":"Leading Goose Project of Science Technology Department of Zhejiang Province","award":["32201553"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32201553"]}]},{"name":"Leading Goose Project of Science Technology Department of Zhejiang Province","award":["2023C02035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023C02035"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The accurate classification of tree species is essential for the sustainable management of forest resources and the effective monitoring of biodiversity. However, a literature review shows that most of the previous unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) light detection and ranging (LiDAR)-based studies on fine tree species classification have used only limited intensity features, accurately identifying relatively few tree species. To address this gap, this study proposes developing a new intensity feature\u2014intensity frequency\u2014for the LiDAR-based fine classification of eight tree species. Intensity frequency is defined as the number of times a certain intensity value appears in the individual tree crown (ITC) point cloud. In this study, we use UAV laser scanning to obtain LiDAR data from urban forests. Intensity frequency features are constructed based on the extracted intensity information, and a random forest (RF) model is used to classify eight subtropical forest tree species in southeast China. Based on four-point cloud density sampling schemes of 100%, 80%, 50% and 30%, densities of 230 points\/m2, 184 points\/m2, 115 points\/m2 and 69 points\/m2 are obtained. These are used to analyze the effect of intensity frequency on tree species classification accuracy under four different point cloud densities. The results are shown as follows. (1) Intensity frequencies of trees are not significantly different for intraspecies (p &gt; 0.05) values and are significantly different for interspecies (p &lt; 0.01) values. (2) The intensity frequency features of LiDAR can be used to classify different tree species with an overall accuracy (OA) of 86.7%. Acer Buergerianum achieves a user accuracy (UA) of over 95% and a producer accuracy (PA) of over 90% for four density conditions. (3) The OA varies slightly under different point cloud densities, but the sum of correct classification trees (SCI) and PA decreases rapidly as the point cloud density decreases, while UA is less affected by density with some stability. (4) The priori feature selected by mean rank (MR) covers the top 10 posterior features selected by RF. These results show that the new intensity frequency feature proposed in this study can be used as a comprehensive and effective intensity feature for the fine classification of tree species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15010110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T02:50:01Z","timestamp":1672109401000},"page":"110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Tree Species Classifications of Urban Forests Using UAV-LiDAR Intensity Frequency Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yulin","family":"Gong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuejian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6765-2279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huaqiang","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guomo","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangjie","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lv","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Xuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dien","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"91","article-title":"How much can airborne laser scanning based forest inventory by tree species benefit from auxiliary optical data?","volume":"72","author":"Mikael","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. 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