{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T14:38:11Z","timestamp":1767969491008,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,26]],"date-time":"2022-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"The National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42275085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42275085"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"The National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CXFZ2021J040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXFZ2021J040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"The National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021ZDLGY09-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZDLGY09-09"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Innovation and Development Project of China Meteorological Administration","award":["42275085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42275085"]}]},{"name":"Innovation and Development Project of China Meteorological Administration","award":["CXFZ2021J040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXFZ2021J040"]}]},{"name":"Innovation and Development Project of China Meteorological Administration","award":["2021ZDLGY09-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZDLGY09-09"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province","award":["42275085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42275085"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province","award":["CXFZ2021J040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXFZ2021J040"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province","award":["2021ZDLGY09-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZDLGY09-09"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cold clouds are the main operation target of artificial precipitation enhancement, and its key is to find a supercooled cloud water area where the catalyst can be seeded to promote the formation of precipitation particles and increase precipitation to the ground. Based on the multi-spectral characteristics of the Fengyun-4A (FY-4A) satellite, a methodology for identifying supercooled cloud water is developed. Superimposed by a cloud top brightness temperature of 10.8 \u00b5m, a combination of 0.46 \u00b5m, 1.6 \u00b5m, and 2.2 \u00b5m red\u2013green\u2013blue (RGB) composites are used to identify the cloud phase and to obtain the real-time supercooled cloud water distribution every 5 min and in a 2 km resolution for the whole coverage of China. Based on the RGB composition, the supervised machine learning method K-mean clustering was applied to classify the cloud top phase. The results were validated extensively with Cloud\u2013Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP). It is worthwhile to highlight that the corresponding hit rate reached 87% over the full disk domain for both the summer and winter seasons. Furthermore, on 29 November 2019, microphysical properties were measured, and the data of supercooled cloud droplets and ice crystals were obtained using YUN-12 transport aircraft in Taiyuan. After simultaneously matching the satellite with an airborne track, the cloud particle image data were obtained near the cloud top and within the clouds during the climb and descending stages of the flight. The phase obtained from the microphysical properties of supercooled cloud droplets and ice crystals was compared with cloud phase results identified by FY-4A and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) cloud phase products. The case study and comparison show that (1) the supercooled water clouds and ice particles identified by FY-4A are in good agreement with those from the airborne measurement at the cloud top and within the cloud and (2) the positions and shapes of water clouds and ice clouds identified by FY-4A correspond well with MODIS cloud phase products. However, there is a small deviation in the extent of ice clouds, which is mainly located in the transition area between ice clouds and water clouds. The extent of ice clouds identified by FY-4A is slightly larger than that of MODIS products. Combined with airborne detection, the comparison shows that the ice clouds identified by the FY-4A satellite are consistent with aircraft detection. The supercooled cloud water identified by FY-4A can meet the needs of the operational precipitation enhancement of cold clouds, improve operational effectiveness, and promote the application of satellite technology for weather modification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15010126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T02:53:11Z","timestamp":1672109591000},"page":"126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Identification of Supercooled Cloud Water by FY-4A Satellite and Validation by CALIPSO and Airborne Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xiaohong","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Meteorological Institute of Shaanxi Province, Xi\u2019an 710016, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment and Meteorology for the Qinling Mountains and Loess Plateau, Xi\u2019an 710016, China"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences & Institute for Climate and Global Change Research, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meteorological Institute of Shaanxi Province, Xi\u2019an 710016, China"}]},{"given":"Guihua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meteorological Institute of Shaanxi Province, Xi\u2019an 710016, China"}]},{"given":"Zhiguo","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment and Meteorology for the Qinling Mountains and Loess Plateau, Xi\u2019an 710016, China"},{"name":"Center of Weather Modification of Shaanxi Province, Xi\u2019an 710016, China"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meteorological Institute of Shaanxi Province, Xi\u2019an 710016, China"}]},{"given":"Qiujuan","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Artificial Precipitation Enhancement and Lightning Protection Technical Center, Taiyuan 030032, China"}]},{"given":"Pu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Artificial Precipitation Enhancement and Lightning Protection Technical Center, Taiyuan 030032, China"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Weather Modification of Shaanxi Province, Xi\u2019an 710016, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8371-1830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yannian","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences & Institute for Climate and Global Change Research, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1126\/science.104.2707.457","article-title":"Production of ice crystals in a cloud of supercooled water droplets","volume":"104","author":"Schaefer","year":"1946","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"967","article-title":"Advances in cloud and precipitation physics and weather modification in recent years","volume":"32","author":"Lei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin. 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