{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T07:18:22Z","timestamp":1773818302203,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,26]],"date-time":"2022-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Second Tibetan Plateau Comprehensive Research Project","award":["2019QZKK0106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0106"]}]},{"name":"the Second Tibetan Plateau Comprehensive Research Project","award":["42130514"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42130514"]}]},{"name":"the Second Tibetan Plateau Comprehensive Research Project","award":["2020Z004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020Z004"]}]},{"name":"the Second Tibetan Plateau Comprehensive Research Project","award":["2022Y015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022Y015"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019QZKK0106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42130514"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42130514"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020Z004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020Z004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022Y015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022Y015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences","award":["2019QZKK0106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0106"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences","award":["42130514"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42130514"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences","award":["2020Z004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020Z004"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences","award":["2022Y015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022Y015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glacier changes on the Tibetan Plateau are of great importance for regional climate and hydrology and even global ecological changes. It is urgent to understand the effect of climate warming on both clean and debris-covered glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau. This study used the double RF method and Landsat series images to extract clean glaciers and debris-covered glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau from 1985 to 2020 and analyzed their temporal and spatial changes under the background of climate change. The total area of glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau showed a retreating trend from 1985 to 2020, with an average retreat rate of \u22120.5 % yr\u22121. The area of clean glaciers showed a significant retreating trend, with a retreat rate of \u22120.55 % yr\u22121. The area of debris-covered glaciers showed an expanding trend, with an expanding rate of 0.62 % yr\u22121. The clean glaciers retreated faster in the southeast and slower in the northwest, while the debris-covered glaciers expanded in most basins. The debris-covered glaciers were generally located at lower elevation areas than those of the clean glaciers. The slopes of clean glaciers were mainly in the range of 0\u201350\u00b0, while the slopes of debris-covered glaciers were mainly in the range of 0\u201330\u00b0. Climate warming was a main driver of glacier change. The clean glacier area was correlated negatively with average temperature in summer and positively with average precipitation in winter, while the debris-covered glacier area was correlated positively with both. The results of the study may provide a basis for scientific management of glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau in the context of climate warming.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15010132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T02:53:11Z","timestamp":1672109591000},"page":"132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Warming Has Accelerated the Melting of Glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau, but the Debris-Covered Glaciers Are Rapidly Expanding"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mingcheng","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Laboratory of Eco-Meteorology, School of Geoscience and Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6303-1275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangsheng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Laboratory of Eco-Meteorology, School of Geoscience and Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast Meteorological Disaster Warning and Assessment, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaomin","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaoliang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Laboratory of Eco-Meteorology, School of Geoscience and Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Laboratory of Eco-Meteorology, School of Geoscience and Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}]},{"given":"Zhihui","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Laboratory of Eco-Meteorology, School of Geoscience and Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0391-66","article-title":"Plateau uplift and climatic change","volume":"264","author":"Ruddiman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1029\/93RG02030","article-title":"Mantle dynamics, uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, and the Indian Monsoon","volume":"31","author":"Molnar","year":"1993","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2008.08.004","article-title":"Equilibrium-line altitudes of the present and Last Glacial Maximum in the eastern Nepal Himalayas and their implications for SW monsoon climate","volume":"212","author":"Asahi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1071-0","article-title":"Global glacier mass changes and their contributions to sea-level rise from 1961 to 2016","volume":"568","author":"Zemp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11324","article-title":"Contrasting patterns of early twenty-first-century glacier mass change in the Himalayas","volume":"488","author":"Berthier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1580","article-title":"Different glacier status with atmospheric circulations in Tibetan Plateau and surroundings","volume":"2","author":"Yao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1234532","article-title":"A reconciled estimate of glacier contributions to sea level rise: 2003 to 2009","volume":"340","author":"Gardner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03436-z","article-title":"Accelerated global glacier mass loss in the early twenty-first century","volume":"592","author":"Hugonnet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2513","article-title":"Substantial glacier mass loss in the Tien Shan over the past 50 years","volume":"8","author":"Farinotti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014009","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/9\/1\/014009","article-title":"Glacier mass changes on the Tibetan Plateau 2003\u20132009 derived from ICESat laser altimetry measurements","volume":"9","author":"Neckel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-9-557-2015","article-title":"Brief Communication: Contending estimates of 2003\u20132008 glacier mass balance over the Pamir\u2013Karakoram\u2013Himalaya","volume":"9","author":"Treichler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, F., Liu, S., Gao, Y., Zhu, Y., Bolch, T., K\u00e4\u00e4b, A., Duan, S., Miao, W., Kang, J., and Zhang, Y. (2022). Interdecadal glacier inventories in the Karakoram since the 1990s. Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., 1\u201327.","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-2022-265"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1450","article-title":"Slight mass gain of Karakoram glaciers in the early twenty-first century","volume":"5","author":"Gardelle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1659\/0276-4741(2005)025[0332:TKAGEA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Karakoram Anomaly? Glacier Expansion and the \u2018Elevation Effect\u2019, Karakoram Himalaya","volume":"25","author":"Hewitt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mt. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1068","article-title":"Spatially variable response of Himalayan glaciers to climate change affected by debris cover","volume":"4","author":"Scherler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2014.11.048","article-title":"Separating snow, clean and debris covered ice in the Upper Indus Basin, Hindukush-Karakoram-Himalayas, using Landsat images between 1998 and 2002","volume":"521","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Jia, L., Menenti, M., and Hu, G. (2019). Glacier facies mapping using a machine-learning algorithm: The Parlung Zangbo Basin case study. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11040452"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11798","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GL080158","article-title":"Global assessment of supraglacial debris\u2014Cover extents","volume":"45","author":"Scherler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Liu, S., Wei, J., Xu, J., Guo, W., Bao, W., and Jiang, Z. (2016). Mass Change of Glaciers in Muztag Ata\u2013Kongur Tagh, Eastern Pamir, China from 1971\/76 to 2013\/14 as Derived from Remote Sensing Data. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147327"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.3189\/172756506781828584","article-title":"Calculating ice melt beneath a debris layer using meteorological data","volume":"52","author":"Nicholson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"228","article-title":"Ice melting under a thin layer of moraine and the existence of ice cores in moraine ridge","volume":"41","author":"Istrem","year":"1959","journal-title":"Geogr. Ann."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02989978","article-title":"Field based spectral reflectance studies to develop NDSI method for snow cover monitoring","volume":"30","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M., Wang, X., Shi, C., and Yan, D. (2019). Automated Glacier Extraction Index by Optimization of Red\/SWIR and NIR\/SWIR Ratio Index for Glacier Mapping Using Landsat Imagery. Water, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/w11061223"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.08.015","article-title":"Landsat-based inventory of glaciers in western Canada, 1985\u20132005","volume":"114","author":"Bolch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12725","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2965768","article-title":"Machine-learning algorithms for mapping debris-covered glaciers: The Hunza Basin case study","volume":"8","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Y., Zhang, Z., and Huang, D. (2020). Glacier Mapping Based on Random Forest Algorithm: A Case Study over the Eastern Pamir. Water, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/w12113231"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.10.001","article-title":"Automated classification of debris-covered glaciers combining optical, SAR and topographic data in an object-based environment","volume":"170","author":"Robson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Bennett, M.M., and Glasser, N.F. (2011). Glacial Geology: Ice Sheets and Landforms, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2003.11.007","article-title":"Combining satellite multispectral image data and a digital elevation model for mapping debris-covered glaciers","volume":"89","author":"Paul","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"480","article-title":"On the suitability of the SRTM DEM and ASTER GDEM for the compilation of topographic parameters in glacier inventories","volume":"18","author":"Frey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s12145-019-00388-x","article-title":"Mapping and monitoring of glacier areal changes using multispectral and elevation data: A case study over Chhota-Shigri glacier","volume":"12","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Inform."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Bolch, T., Buchroithner, M.F., Kunert, A., and Kamp, U. (2007, January 4\u20137). Automated delineation of debris-covered glaciers based on ASTER data. Proceedings of the Geoinformation in Europe, 27th EARSeL Symposium, Bolzano, Italy."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6864","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2018.1468104","article-title":"An improved coupled framework for Glacier classification: An integration of optical and thermal infrared remote-sensing bands","volume":"39","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Taschner, S., and Ranzi, R. (2002, January 24\u201328). Comparing the opportunities of Landsat-TM and Aster data for monitoring a debris covered glacier in the Italian Alps within the GLIMS project. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Toronto, ON, Canada."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-9-1747-2015","article-title":"Improving Semi-Automated Glacier Mapping with a Multi-Method Approach: Applications in Central Asia","volume":"9","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2015.03.034","article-title":"Classification of debris-covered glaciers and rock glaciers in the Andes of central Chile","volume":"241","author":"Janke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1017\/jog.2018.70","article-title":"Automatic delineation of debris-covered glaciers using InSAR coherence derived from X-, C-and L-band radar data: A case study of Yazgyl Glacier","volume":"64","author":"Lippl","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1017\/jog.2021.47","article-title":"Multi-sensor remote sensing to map glacier debris cover in the Greater Caucasus, Georgia","volume":"67","author":"Tielidze","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3078","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4103078","article-title":"Decision tree and texture analysis for mapping debris-covered glaciers in the Kangchenjunga area, Eastern Himalaya","volume":"4","author":"Racoviteanu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, M., Zhou, G., Lv, X., Zhou, L., He, X., and Tian, Z. (2022). A New Automatic Extraction Method for Glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau under Clouds, Shadows and Snow Cover. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14133084"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.06.031","article-title":"Google Earth Engine: Planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone","volume":"202","author":"Gorelick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hird, J.N., Kariyeva, J., and McDermid, G.J. (2021). Satellite Time Series and Google Earth Engine Democratize the Process of Forest-Recovery Monitoring over Large Areas. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13234745"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1","article-title":"A discussion on the boundary and area of the Tibetan Plateau in China","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geogr. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1080\/03009480500456073","article-title":"General climatic controls and topoclimatic variations in Central and High Asia","volume":"35","author":"Bohner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Boreas"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Zhang, G. (2019). Dataset of River Basins Map over the TP(2016), National Tibetan Plateau\/Third Pole Environment Data Center."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"1","article-title":"SLC gap-filled products phase one methodology","volume":"5","author":"Scaramuzza","year":"2004","journal-title":"Landsat Tech. Notes"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RG2004","DOI":"10.1029\/2005RG000183","article-title":"The shuttle radar topography mission","volume":"45","author":"Farr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3567","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169408954345","article-title":"NDVI-derived land cover classifications at a global scale","volume":"15","author":"Defries","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2013.03.009","article-title":"Multivariate standardized drought index: A parametric multi-index model","volume":"57","author":"Hao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Water Resour."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, D., Huang, C., Ma, N., and Zhang, Y. (2020). Improved landsat-based water and snow indices for extracting lake and snow cover\/glacier in the tibetan plateau. Water, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/w12051339"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.05.003","article-title":"Proposed workflow for improved Kauth\u2013Thomas transform derivations","volume":"124","author":"Yarbrough","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1459","article-title":"Texture features extraction based on GLCM for face retrieval system","volume":"7","author":"Alazawi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Period. Eng. Nat. Sci. (PEN)"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.84.8.481","article-title":"Remote Sensing Handbook\u2013Volume I: Remotely Sensed Data Characterization, Classification, and Accuracies","volume":"84","author":"Zourarakis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7140","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2014.2308192","article-title":"New postprocessing methods for remote sensing image classification: A systematic study","volume":"52","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"24","article-title":"Comparison of three realization methods of remote sensing image classification post-processing","volume":"3","author":"Luo","year":"2008","journal-title":"For. Investig. Plan."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"591","article-title":"The climatic characteristics of vapor transportation in rainy season of the origin area of three rivers in Qinhai-Xizang Plateau","volume":"67","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Meteor. Sin."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"841","article-title":"Influence of climate change on water environment in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"36","author":"Siyang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arid Land Geogr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.3189\/172756500781833034","article-title":"A geometric glacier model for sea-level change calculations","volume":"46","author":"Raper","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1107046","article-title":"Extracting a climate signal from 169 glacier records","volume":"308","author":"Oerlemans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"RGI Consortium (2017). Randolph Glacier Inventory\u2014A Dataset of Global Glacier Outlines, Version 6, NSIDC: National Snow and Ice Data Center."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"3","article-title":"The contemporary glaciers in China based on the Second Chinese Glacier Inventory","volume":"70","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Ran, W., Wang, X., Guo, w., Zhao, H., Zhao, X., Liu, S., Wei, J., and Zhang, Y. (2021). A Dataset of Glacier Inventory in Western China during 2017\u20132018 (V1), Science Data Bank."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1017\/jog.2016.137","article-title":"Glacier changes on the Tibetan Plateau derived from Landsat imagery: Mid-1970s\u20132000\u201313","volume":"63","author":"Ye","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2021.112376","article-title":"An automatic method for clean glacier and nonseasonal snow area change estimation in High Mountain Asia from 1990 to 2018","volume":"258","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Lv, H. (2013). Response of Glacier Variation to Climate Change in the Himalayan Mountains, during the Last 40 Year, Lanzhou University."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"1220","article-title":"Spatiotemporal pattern, trend, and influence of glacier change in Tibetan Plateau and surroundings under global warming","volume":"34","author":"Ninglian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. Chin. Acad. Sci. (Chin. Version)"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1592","article-title":"Climate change impacts on glaciers and runoff in Tien Shan (Central Asia)","volume":"2","author":"Sorg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2008.08.010","article-title":"Sedimentological, geomorphological and dynamic context of debris-mantled glaciers, Mount Everest (Sagarmatha) region, Nepal","volume":"27","author":"Hambrey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Quat. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2020.00308","article-title":"Upward Expansion of Supra-Glacial Debris Cover in the Hunza Valley, Karakoram, During 1990~2019","volume":"8","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/1\/132\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:51:53Z","timestamp":1760147513000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/1\/132"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,26]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15010132"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15010132","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,26]]}}}