{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T06:49:06Z","timestamp":1773384546946,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012247","name":"Program of Shanghai Academic\/Technology Research Leader","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20XD1404500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20XD1404500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012247","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012247","name":"Program of Shanghai Academic\/Technology Research Leader","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11673050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11673050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012247","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012247","name":"Program of Shanghai Academic\/Technology Research Leader","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41904034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41904034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012247","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012247","name":"Program of Shanghai Academic\/Technology Research Leader","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZJ2018-ZD-009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZJ2018-ZD-009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012247","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012247","name":"Program of Shanghai Academic\/Technology Research Leader","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFB0504300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFB0504300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012247","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012247","name":"Program of Shanghai Academic\/Technology Research Leader","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018B030325001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018B030325001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012247","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["20XD1404500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20XD1404500"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["11673050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11673050"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41904034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41904034"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["ZJ2018-ZD-009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZJ2018-ZD-009"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2018YFB0504300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFB0504300"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2018B030325001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018B030325001"]}]},{"name":"Key Program of Special Development funds of Zhangjiang National Innovation Demonstration Zone","award":["20XD1404500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20XD1404500"]}]},{"name":"Key Program of Special Development funds of Zhangjiang National Innovation Demonstration Zone","award":["11673050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11673050"]}]},{"name":"Key Program of Special Development funds of Zhangjiang National Innovation Demonstration Zone","award":["41904034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41904034"]}]},{"name":"Key Program of Special Development funds of Zhangjiang National Innovation Demonstration Zone","award":["ZJ2018-ZD-009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZJ2018-ZD-009"]}]},{"name":"Key Program of Special Development funds of Zhangjiang National Innovation Demonstration Zone","award":["2018YFB0504300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFB0504300"]}]},{"name":"Key Program of Special Development funds of Zhangjiang National Innovation Demonstration Zone","award":["2018B030325001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018B030325001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20XD1404500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20XD1404500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11673050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11673050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41904034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41904034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZJ2018-ZD-009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZJ2018-ZD-009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFB0504300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFB0504300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018B030325001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018B030325001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key R&amp;D Program of Guangdong province","award":["20XD1404500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20XD1404500"]}]},{"name":"Key R&amp;D Program of Guangdong province","award":["11673050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11673050"]}]},{"name":"Key R&amp;D Program of Guangdong province","award":["41904034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41904034"]}]},{"name":"Key R&amp;D Program of Guangdong province","award":["ZJ2018-ZD-009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZJ2018-ZD-009"]}]},{"name":"Key R&amp;D Program of Guangdong province","award":["2018YFB0504300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFB0504300"]}]},{"name":"Key R&amp;D Program of Guangdong province","award":["2018B030325001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018B030325001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The performance of real-time precise point positioning (PPP) relies primarily on the availability and quality of orbit and clock corrections. In this research, we collected data streams from 12 real-time mount points of IGS Real-Time Service (RTS) or analysis centers for a one-month period and conducted a performance assessment, including product latency and data availability, accuracy of orbit, clock and positioning performance. The epoch availability of GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and BDS was more than 98.5%, 95.79%, 94.20% and 85.9%, respectively. In addition, the orbit and clock errors of different real-time corrections was investigated. Then, PPP in static and kinematic for 16 IGS stations was conducted. The results show the real-time PPP for different products has a longer convergence time and a slightly worse accuracy than those of the post-processing PPP. For static PPP over 24 h, the real-time products of WHU had the best performance, with a mean RMSE of 1.0 cm in the horizontal and vertical directions and a median convergence time of 12.0 min. The products of CAS had the faster convergence speed due to the shortest product latency. Regarding real-time kinematic PPP for GPS only in an hourly batch, the real-time products of WHU and ESA performed best with a mean RMSE of 10.8 cm and 9.5 cm in the horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. Additionally, the PPP for different real-time products with the multi-GNSS combination obtained higher accuracy than those with GPS only in post-processing or real-time mode, and the PPP with the GPS\/GLONASS\/Galileo\/BDS combination had the fastest convergence speed and best positioning performance. The hourly based kinematic PPP results of CAS, DLR, GFZ and WHU with the GREC combination had positioning errors smaller than 5.2 cm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15010140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T05:30:27Z","timestamp":1672205427000},"page":"140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Performance Assessment of Multi-GNSS Real-Time Products from Various Analysis Centers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Chao","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"},{"name":"School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Yize","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2899-7677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"},{"name":"School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DFH Satellite Co., Ltd., Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Kexin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"},{"name":"School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5005","DOI":"10.1029\/96JB03860","article-title":"Precise point positioning for the efficient and robust analysis of GPS data from large networks","volume":"102","author":"Zumberge","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00012883","article-title":"Precise point positioning using IGS orbit and clock products","volume":"5","author":"Kouba","year":"2001","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-007-0187-4","article-title":"Resolution of GPS carrier-phase ambiguities in Precise Point Positioning (PPP) with daily observations","volume":"82","author":"Ge","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-018-1149-8","article-title":"Combined orbits and clocks from IGS second reprocessing","volume":"93","author":"Griffiths","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s43020-021-00049-9","article-title":"Assessing IGS GPS\/Galileo\/BDS-2\/BDS-3 phase bias products with PRIDE PPP-AR","volume":"2","author":"Geng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Satell. Navig."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Agrotis, L., Caissy, M., Ruelke, A., and Fisher, S. (2014). Real-Time Service Technical Report 2014. IGS Technical Report 2014, IGS Central Bureau."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-014-0369-5","article-title":"IGS RTS precise orbits and clocks verification and quality degradation over time","volume":"19","author":"Hadas","year":"2015","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-015-0467-z","article-title":"Performance of real-time Precise Point Positioning using IGS real-time service","volume":"20","author":"Elsobeiey","year":"2016","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1080\/01490419.2012.699503","article-title":"Performance of real-time precise point positioning","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar. Geod."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2016). Differential GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) Services (Standard No. RTCM 10403.3)."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Weber, G., Mervart, L., Lukes, Z., Rocken, C., and Dousa, J. (2007, January 25\u201328). Real-time clock and orbit corrections for improved point positioning via NTRIP. Proceedings of the ION GNSS 20th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division, Fort Worth, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Li, Z., Wang, L., Wang, X., and Yuan, H. (2018). Assessment of Multiple GNSS Real-Time SSR Products from Different Analysis Centers. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7030085"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Li, Z., Ge, M., Neitzel, F., Wang, Z., and Yuan, H. (2018). Validation and Assessment of Multi-GNSS Real-Time Precise Point Positioning in Simulated Kinematic Mode Using IGS Real-Time Service. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10020337"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2017.01.011","article-title":"The Multi-GNSS Experiment (MGEX) of the International GNSS Service (IGS)\u2014Achievements, prospects and challenges","volume":"59","author":"Montenbruck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2012.06.025","article-title":"The GFZ Real-Time GNSS Precise Positioning Service System and Its Adaption for COMPASS","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"R\u00fclke, A., and Agrotis, L. (2016). IGS Realtime Service Technical Report 2016. IGS Technical Report 2016, IGS Central Bureau."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-008-0110-3","article-title":"Kalman-filter-based GPS clock estimation for near real-time positioning","volume":"13","author":"Hauschild","year":"2009","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2017.03.024","article-title":"Performance Assessment of Multi-GNSS Real-Time PPP over Iran","volume":"59","author":"Abdi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2017.08.037","article-title":"GNSS Global Real-Time Augmentation Positioning: Real-Time Precise Satellite Clock Estimation, Prototype System Construction and Performance Analysis","volume":"61","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2018.03.029","article-title":"Evaluation and Analysis of Real-Time Precise Orbits and Clocks Products from Different IGS Analysis Centers","volume":"61","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-022-01229-z","article-title":"Improving the (re-)convergence of multi-GNSS real-time precise point positioning through regional between-satellite single-differenced ionospheric augmentation","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2019.10.017","article-title":"Analysis of GNSS Clock Prediction Performance with Different Interrupt Intervals and Application to Real-Time Kinematic Precise Point Positioning","volume":"65","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, X., Shen, F., Lu, X., Shen, P., and Ge, Y. (2021). Performance of BDS-2\/3, GPS, and Galileo Time Transfer with Real-Time Single-Frequency Precise Point Positioning. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13214192"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, C., Chen, X., Liu, G., Dick, G., Wickert, J., Jiang, X., Zheng, K., and Schuh, H. (2017). Real-Time Tropospheric Delays Retrieved from Multi-GNSS Observations and IGS Real-Time Product Streams. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9121317"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-017-0678-6","article-title":"Quality Assessment of Multi-GNSS Orbits and Clocks for Real-Time Precise Point Positioning","volume":"22","author":"Kazmierski","year":"2018","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2020.04.054","article-title":"Assessing GPS\/Galileo Real-Time Precise Point Positioning with Ambiguity Resolution Based on Phase Biases from CNES","volume":"66","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s43020-022-00074-2","article-title":"Comprehensive Assessment of Real-Time Precise Products from IGS Analysis Centers","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Satell. Navig."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"IGS RTWG (2022, October 10). IGS State Space Representation (SSR) Format Version 1.00. Available online: https:\/\/files.igs.org\/pub\/data\/format\/igs_ssr_v1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"St\u00fcrze, A., Mervart, L., Weber, G., R\u00fclke, A., Wiesensarter, E., and Neumaier, P. (2016, January 17\u201322). The New Version 2.12 of BKG Ntrip Client (BNC). Proceedings of the EGU General Assembly 2016, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., and Pan, L. (2021). Precise Point Positioning with Almost Fully Deployed BDS-3, BDS-2, GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and QZSS Using Precise Products from Different Analysis Centers. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13193905"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2020.09.010","article-title":"Evaluating the impact of CNES real-time ionospheric products on multi-GNSS single-frequency positioning using the IGS real-time service","volume":"66","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2020.03.011","article-title":"The Update of BDS-2 TGD and Its Impact on Positioning","volume":"65","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-014-0403-7","article-title":"Development of an Improved Empirical Model for Slant Delays in the Troposphere (GPT2w)","volume":"19","author":"Schindelegger","year":"2015","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-019-0852-0","article-title":"Influence of Stochastic Modeling for Inter-System Biases on Multi-GNSS Undifferenced and Uncombined Precise Point Positioning","volume":"23","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-018-0734-x","article-title":"Relative Positioning of Formation-Flying Spacecraft Using Single-Receiver GPS Carrier Phase Ambiguity Fixing","volume":"22","author":"Montenbruck","year":"2018","journal-title":"GPS Solut."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/1\/140\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:52:37Z","timestamp":1760147557000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/1\/140"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15010140"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15010140","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]]}}}