{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T13:09:37Z","timestamp":1767704977400,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42071453","6142A01210407","N2201020","2022020700179"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071453","6142A01210407","N2201020","2022020700179"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Remote Sensing Information and Imagery Analysis, the Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology","award":["42071453","6142A01210407","N2201020","2022020700179"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071453","6142A01210407","N2201020","2022020700179"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42071453","6142A01210407","N2201020","2022020700179"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071453","6142A01210407","N2201020","2022020700179"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Geological Disaster Survey Project of Liaoning Province","award":["42071453","6142A01210407","N2201020","2022020700179"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071453","6142A01210407","N2201020","2022020700179"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Southern California, USA, has been suffering severe surface deformation due to its active crustal movement under the north\u2013south compression of the Pacific Plate and North American Plate. Meanwhile, affected by groundwater extraction and recharge, oil exploitation, surface subsidence, uplift, and seasonal deformation occur commonly in this region. In this paper, multi-path SAR datasets were collected to investigate and monitor surface deformation in Southern California. The unified simultaneous least squares (USLS) approach is applied to remove the deformation discontinuity between adjacent SAR image paths. Multiple deformation patterns of structural faults, groundwater withdrawal, and oil exploitation are observed with the interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technique. The InSAR-derived results were validated with GPS monitoring data. The correlations between land deformation and groundwater withdrawal, faults, and precipitation were intensively analyzed, finding out and mastering the magnitude and characteristics of ground deformation in Southern California.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15010143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T05:30:27Z","timestamp":1672205427000},"page":"143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Large-Scale Land Deformation Monitoring over Southern California with Multi-Path SAR Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Meng","family":"Ao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaotian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huanan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning Geological and Mineral Survey Institute Co., Ltd., Shenyang 110032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lianhuan","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shanjun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning Natural Resources Affairs Service Center, Shenyang 110032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1088\/0266-5611\/14\/4\/001","article-title":"Synthetic aperture radar interferometry","volume":"14","author":"Bamler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Inverse Probl."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1029\/97RG03139","article-title":"Radar interferometry and its application to changes in the Earth\u2019s surface","volume":"36","author":"Massonnet","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rev. 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