{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T16:17:07Z","timestamp":1762273027113,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>On 19 September 2021, a volcanic eruption began on the island of La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain). The eruption has allowed the assessment of an unprecedented multidisciplinary study on the effects of the volcanic plume. This work presents the estimation of the spectral direct radiative forcing (\u0394F) and efficiency (\u0394FEff) from solar radiation measurements at the Iza\u00f1a Observatory (IZO) located on the island of Tenerife (\u223c140 km from the volcano). During the eruption, the IZO was affected by different types of aerosols: volcanic, Saharan mineral dust, and a mixture of volcanic and dust aerosols. Three case studies were identified using ground-based (lidar) data, satellite-based (Sentinel-5P Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument, TROPOMI) data, reanalysis data (Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2, MERRA-2), and backward trajectories (Flexible Trajectories, FLEXTRA), and subsequently characterised in terms of optical and micro-physical properties using ground-based sun-photometry measurements. Despite the \u0394F of the volcanic aerosols being greater than that of the dust events (associated with the larger aerosol load present), the \u0394FEff was found to be lower. The spectral \u0394FEff values at 440 nm ranged between \u22121.9 and \u22122.6 Wm\u22122nm\u22121AOD\u22121 for the mineral dust and mixed volcanic and dust particles, and between \u22121.6 and \u22123.3 Wm\u22122nm\u22121AOD\u22121 for the volcanic aerosols, considering solar zenith angles between 30\u2218 and 70\u2218, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15010173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T02:52:21Z","timestamp":1672282341000},"page":"173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Spectral Aerosol Radiative Forcing and Efficiency of the La Palma Volcanic Plume over the Iza\u00f1a Observatory"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9451-1631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa Delia","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"TRAGSATEC, 28037 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Iza\u00f1a Atmospheric Research Center (IARC), State Meteorological Agency of Spain (AEMET), 38001 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8395-6440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omaira Elena","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iza\u00f1a Atmospheric Research Center (IARC), State Meteorological Agency of Spain (AEMET), 38001 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1843-8302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilio","family":"Cuevas-Agull\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iza\u00f1a Atmospheric Research Center (IARC), State Meteorological Agency of Spain (AEMET), 38001 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5806-585X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1frica","family":"Barreto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iza\u00f1a Atmospheric Research Center (IARC), State Meteorological Agency of Spain (AEMET), 38001 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4627-9444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria Eugenia","family":"Cachorro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atmospheric Optics Group of Valladolid University (GOA\u2013UVA), Valladolid University, 47002 Valladolid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6403-9498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Marrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iza\u00f1a Atmospheric Research Center (IARC), State Meteorological Agency of Spain (AEMET), 38001 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3674-3944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Almansa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cimel Electronique, 75011 Paris, France"}]},{"given":"Ram\u00f3n","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iza\u00f1a Atmospheric Research Center (IARC), State Meteorological Agency of Spain (AEMET), 38001 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6931-2155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"P\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EKO INSTRUMENTS Europe B.V., 2521 The Hague, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Comit\u00e9 Cient\u00edfico (CC) PEVOLCA (2022, December 23). 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