{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T05:46:38Z","timestamp":1775108798818,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)","award":["21K01027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K01027"]}]},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)","award":["18H00763"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18H00763"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>LST has been fluctuating more quickly, resulting in the degradation of the climate and human life on a local\u2013global scale. The main aim of this study is to examine SUHI formation and hotspot identification over Prayagraj city of India using seasonal Landsat imageries of 1987\u20132018. The interrelationship between six land indices (NDBI, EBBI, NDMI, NDVI, NDWI, and SAVI) and LST (using a mono-window algorithm) was investigated by analyzing correlation coefficients and directional profiling. NDVI dynamics showed that the forested area observed lower LST by 2.25\u20134.8 \u00b0C than the rest of the city landscape. NDBI dynamics showed that the built-up area kept higher LST by 1.8\u20133.9 \u00b0C than the rest of the city landscape (except sand\/bare soils). SUHI was intensified in the city center to rural\/suburban sites by 0.398\u20134.016 \u00b0C in summer and 0.45\u20132.24 \u00b0C in winter. Getis\u2013Ord Gi* statistics indicated a remarkable loss of areal coverage of very cold, cold, and cool classes in summer and winter. MODIS night-time LST data showed strong SUHI formation at night in summer and winter. This study is expected to assist in unfolding the composition of the landscape for mitigating thermal anomalies and restoring environmental viability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15010179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T02:52:21Z","timestamp":1672282341000},"page":"179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Assessing Local Climate Change by Spatiotemporal Seasonal LST and Six Land Indices, and Their Interrelationships with SUHI and Hot\u2013Spot Dynamics: A Case Study of Prayagraj City, India (1987\u20132018)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7143-4522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Omar","family":"Sarif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1414-2830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajan Dev","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Department, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj 211004, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4397-6882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuji","family":"Murayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba City 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"United Nations (2018). 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