{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T22:54:32Z","timestamp":1767999272958,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Early Warning and Information Sharing of Forest and Grassland Fire Risk on the Mongolian Plateau under the Background of Climate Change","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4191101037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4191101037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Early Warning and Information Sharing of Forest and Grassland Fire Risk on the Mongolian Plateau under the Background of Climate Change","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61631011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61631011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Early Warning and Information Sharing of Forest and Grassland Fire Risk on the Mongolian Plateau under the Background of Climate Change","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021MS04016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021MS04016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Early Warning and Information Sharing of Forest and Grassland Fire Risk on the Mongolian Plateau under the Background of Climate Change","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41867070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41867070"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Research on Remote Sensing Monitoring and Propagation Path Prediction of Typical Cross-border Disasters in China and Mongolia","award":["4191101037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4191101037"]}]},{"name":"Research on Remote Sensing Monitoring and Propagation Path Prediction of Typical Cross-border Disasters in China and Mongolia","award":["61631011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61631011"]}]},{"name":"Research on Remote Sensing Monitoring and Propagation Path Prediction of Typical Cross-border Disasters in China and Mongolia","award":["2021MS04016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021MS04016"]}]},{"name":"Research on Remote Sensing Monitoring and Propagation Path Prediction of Typical Cross-border Disasters in China and Mongolia","award":["41867070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41867070"]}]},{"name":"Research on Monitoring and Early Warning Methods of Black Dzud in Pastoral Areas Based on Daily Snow Products","award":["4191101037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4191101037"]}]},{"name":"Research on Monitoring and Early Warning Methods of Black Dzud in Pastoral Areas Based on Daily Snow Products","award":["61631011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61631011"]}]},{"name":"Research on Monitoring and Early Warning Methods of Black Dzud in Pastoral Areas Based on Daily Snow Products","award":["2021MS04016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021MS04016"]}]},{"name":"Research on Monitoring and Early Warning Methods of Black Dzud in Pastoral Areas Based on Daily Snow Products","award":["41867070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41867070"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["4191101037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4191101037"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["61631011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61631011"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021MS04016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021MS04016"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41867070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41867070"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The phenological parameters estimated from different data may vary, especially in response to climatic factors. Therefore, we estimated the start of the growing season (SOS) and the end of the growing season (EOS) based on sunlight-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF), the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the near-infrared reflectance of vegetation (NIRv). The SIF, NDVI and NIRv breakpoints were detected, and the trends and change-points of phenological parameters based on these data were analyzed. The correlations between the phenological parameters and snow-related factors, precipitation, temperature, soil moisture and population density were also analyzed. The results showed that SIF and NIRv could identify breakpoints early. SIF could estimate the latest SOS and the earliest EOS. NDVI could estimate the earliest SOS and the latest EOS. The change-points of SOSSIF were mostly concentrated from 2001 to 2003, and those of SOSNDVI and SOSNIRv occurred later. The change-points of EOSSIF and EOSNIRv were mostly concentrated from 2001 to 2007, and those of EOSSIF occurred later. Differently from the weak correlation with SOSSIF, SOSNDVI and SOSNIRv were significantly correlated with snow-related factors. The correlation between the meteorological factors in the summer and autumn and EOSSIF was the most significant. The population density showed the highest degree of interpretation for SOSNIRv and EOSNDVI. The results reveal the differences and potentials of different remote-sensing parameters in estimating phenological indicators, which is helpful for better understanding the dynamic changes in phenology and the response to changes in various influencing factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15010187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T03:18:18Z","timestamp":1672370298000},"page":"187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Comparison of Phenological Parameters Extracted from SIF, NDVI and NIRv Data on the Mongolian Plateau"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Cha","family":"Ersi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographic Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"}]},{"given":"Tubuxin","family":"Bayaer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographic Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"}]},{"given":"Yuhai","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographic Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"}]},{"given":"Yulong","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographic Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2280-2640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mei","family":"Yong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographic Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3044-058X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quan","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographic Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8213-332X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographic Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6159-8673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yusi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographic Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4309","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1210423110","article-title":"Green-up dates in the Tibetan Plateau have continuously advanced from 1982 to 2011","volume":"110","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"85","article-title":"Dynamics of net primary productivity on the Mongolian Plateau: Joint regulations of phenology and drought","volume":"81","author":"Bao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.2134","article-title":"Seasonal change of soil moisture in Mongolia: Its climatology and modelling","volume":"31","author":"Nandintsetseg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4273","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-014-3322-6","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of the contributions of climate change and human activities on global grassland degradation","volume":"72","author":"Gang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, E., Wang, Y., Wang, C., Sun, Z., Bao, Y., Mandula, N., Jirigala, B., Bao, Y., and Li, H. (2021). NDVI Indicates Long-Term Dynamics of Vegetation and Its Driving Forces from Climatic and Anthropogenic Factors in Mongolian Plateau. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13040688"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2020.109415","article-title":"RESTREND-based assessment of factors affecting vegetation dynamics on the Mongolian Plateau","volume":"440","author":"Cza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00135-9","article-title":"Monitoring vegetation phenology using MODIS","volume":"84","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miao, L., Daniel, M., Cui, X., Ma, M., and Sylvain, D. (2017). Changes in vegetation phenology on the Mongolian Plateau and their climatic determinants. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190313"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bao, G., Jin, H., Tong, S., Chen, J., and Du, L. (2021). Autumn Phenology and Its Covariation with Climate, Spring Phenology and Annual Peak Growth on the Mongolian Plateau. Agric. For. Meteorol., 108312.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2020.108312"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.01.010","article-title":"Evaluation of the potential of MODIS satellite data to predict vegetation phenology in different biomes: An investigation using ground-based NDVI measurements","volume":"132","author":"Hmimina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.03.001","article-title":"Modeling growing season phenology in North American forests using seasonal mean vegetation indices from MODIS","volume":"147","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1080\/20964471.2021.1920661","article-title":"Spring and autumn phenology across the Tibetan Plateau inferred from normalized difference vegetation index and solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence","volume":"5","author":"Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Big Earth Data"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.02.003","article-title":"Spatio-temporal patterns of chlorophyll fluorescence and physiological and structural indices acquired from hyperspectral imagery as compared with carbon fluxes measured with eddy covariance","volume":"133","author":"Morales","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.05.003","article-title":"Remote sensing of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence: Review of methods and applications","volume":"113","author":"Meroni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5595","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erv272","article-title":"Estimating chlorophyll content and photochemical yield of photosystem II (\u03a6 PSII ) using solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence measurements at different growing stages of attached leaves","volume":"66","author":"Tubuxin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahimzadeh-Bajgiran, P., Tubuxin, B., and Omasa, K. (2017). Estimating chlorophyll fluorescence parameters using the joint Fraunhofer line depth and laser-induced saturation pulse (FLD-LISP) method in different plant species. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9060599"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-6-2803-2013","article-title":"Global monitoring of terrestrial chlorophyll fluorescence from moderate-spectral-resolution near-infrared satellite measurements: Methodology, simulations, and application to GOME-2","volume":"6","author":"Joiner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-8-1337-2015","article-title":"Potential of the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) onboard the Sentinel-5 Precursor for the monitoring of terrestrial chlorophyll fluorescence","volume":"8","author":"Guanter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.02.007","article-title":"Prospects for chlorophyll fluorescence remote sensing from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2","volume":"147","author":"Frankenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1327","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1320008111","article-title":"Global and time-resolved monitoring of crop photosynthesis with chlorophyll fluorescence","volume":"111","author":"Guanter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092759","article-title":"Chlorophyll fluorescence: A probe of photosynthesis in vivo","volume":"59","author":"Baker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.02.016","article-title":"Overview of Solar-Induced chlorophyll Fluorescence (SIF) from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2: Retrieval, cross-mission comparison, and global monitoring for GPP","volume":"209","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-5-2933-2012","article-title":"Improved retrieval of global tropospheric formaldehyde columns from GOME-2\/MetOp-A addressing noise reduction and instrumental degradation issues","volume":"5","author":"Stavrakou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaam5747","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam5747","article-title":"OCO-2 advances photosynthesis observation from space via solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence","volume":"358","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., and Xiao, J. (2019). A Global, 0.05-Degree Product of Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence Derived from OCO-2, MODIS, and Reanalysis Data. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11050517"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s40663-021-00309-9","article-title":"Strong controls of daily minimum temperature on the autumn photosynthetic phenology of subtropical vegetation in China","volume":"8","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"For. Ecosyst."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2021.108427","article-title":"Increasing importance of precipitation in spring phenology with decreasing latitudes in subtropical forest area in China","volume":"304","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.16479","article-title":"Tracking the phenology of photosynthesis using carotenoid-sensitive and near-infrared reflectance vegetation indices in a temperate evergreen and mixed deciduous forest","volume":"226","author":"Wong","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1602244","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1602244","article-title":"Canopy near-infrared reflectance and terrestrial photosynthesis","volume":"3","author":"Badgley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Mart\u00ednez, M., Yu, R., Gamon, J., Hmimina, G., and Peuelas, J. (2019). Monitoring Spatial and Temporal Variabilities of Gross Primary Production Using MAIAC MODIS Data. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11070874"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1007\/s40333-016-0121-9","article-title":"Spatio-temporal patterns of satellite-derived grassland vegetation phenology from 1998 to 2012 in Inner Mongolia, China","volume":"8","author":"Sha","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Arid Land"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2017.05.083","article-title":"A semi-analytical model for sound propagation in sintered fiber metals","volume":"126","author":"Ren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2021.105505","article-title":"Response of vegetation phenology to soil moisture dynamics in the Mongolian Plateau","volume":"206","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2011.02397.x","article-title":"Phenology shifts at start vs. end of growing season in temperate vegetation over the Northern Hemisphere for the period 1982\u20132008","volume":"17","author":"Jeong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-11-1633-2007","article-title":"Updated world map of the K\u00f6ppen-Geiger climate classification","volume":"11","author":"Peel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-009-0381-1","article-title":"Wind erosion hazard assessment of the Mongolian Plateau using FCM and GIS techniques","volume":"61","author":"Shi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2013.06.008","article-title":"Response of evapotranspiration and water availability to changing climate and land cover on the Mongolian Plateau during the 21st century","volume":"108","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-009-0403-7","article-title":"NDVI spatial pattern and its differentiation on the Mongolian Plateau","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"84","article-title":"Modeling net primary productivity of terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid climate of the Mongolian Plateau using LSWI-based CASA ecosystem model","volume":"46","author":"Bao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3354\/cr01347","article-title":"Climate variability and change on the Mongolian Plateau: Historical variation and future predictions","volume":"67","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clim. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.09.003","article-title":"Noise reduction of NDVI time series: An empirical comparison of selected techniques","volume":"113","author":"Hird","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2012.09.012","article-title":"Climate change, phenology, and phenological control of vegetation feedbacks to the climate system","volume":"169","author":"Richardson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169008955174","article-title":"A phenological classification of terrestrial vegetation cover using shortwave vegetation index imagery","volume":"11","author":"Lloyd","year":"1990","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Chen, Y., Li, Z., Li, Y., Zhang, Q., and Zan, M. (2021). Driving Forces of the Changes in Vegetation Phenology in the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13234952"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.802519","article-title":"Seasonality extraction by function fitting to time-series of satellite sensor data","volume":"40","author":"Jonsson","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.10.006","article-title":"Linking near-surface and satellite remote sensing measurements of deciduous broadleaf forest phenology","volume":"117","author":"Hufkens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"3029","article-title":"The phenological characteristics of Mongolian vegetation and its response to geographical elements","volume":"40","author":"Shao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geogr. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.08.014","article-title":"Detecting trend and seasonal changes in satellite image time series","volume":"114","author":"Verbesselt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.08.003","article-title":"Phenological change detection while accounting for abrupt and gradual trends in satellite image time series","volume":"114","author":"Verbesselt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.01.017","article-title":"Greenness in semi-arid areas across the globe 1981\u20132007\u2014An Earth Observing Satellite based analysis of trends and drivers","volume":"121","author":"Fensholt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.06.018","article-title":"Land-cover change detection using multi-temporal MODIS NDVI data","volume":"105","author":"Lunetta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"86","article-title":"Rank Correlation Methods","volume":"25","author":"Kendall","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.02.022","article-title":"Near real-time disturbance detection using satellite image time series","volume":"123","author":"Verbesselt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8240(89)80047-3","article-title":"Algorithms for the optimal identification of segment neighborhoods","volume":"51","author":"Lawrence","year":"1989","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2012.737745","article-title":"Optimal detection of changepoints with a linear computational cost","volume":"107","author":"Killick","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"1","article-title":"Changepoint: An R Package for Changepoint Analysis","volume":"3","author":"Killick","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2020.105961","article-title":"Spatial distribution exploration and driving factor identification for soil salinisation based on geodetector models in coastal area","volume":"156","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810802443457","article-title":"Geographical Detectors-Based Health Risk Assessment and its Application in the Neural Tube Defects Study of the Heshun Region, China","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107431","article-title":"Time-lag effects of NDVI responses to climate change in the Yamzhog Yumco Basin, South Tibet","volume":"124","author":"Zhe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2021.105331","article-title":"Spatio-temporal variation characteristics of NDVI and its response to climate on the Loess Plateau from 1985 to 2015","volume":"203","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.71.9.1053","article-title":"Lag and seasonality considerations in evaluating AVHRR NDVI response to precipitation","volume":"71","author":"Ji","year":"2005","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2005)055[0017:WBPCHC]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Winter biological processes could help convert arctic tundra to shrubland","volume":"55","author":"Sturm","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2021.107165","article-title":"Snow melting water infiltration mechanism of farmland freezing-thawing soil and determination of meltwater infiltration parameter in seasonal frozen soil areas","volume":"258","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9791","DOI":"10.1002\/2016WR020096","article-title":"Nitrogen Subsidies in Glacial Meltwater: Implications for High Elevation Aquatic Chains","volume":"53","author":"Warner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-015-9844-2","article-title":"Soil Denitrification Fluxes in a Northern Hardwood Forest: The Importance of Snowmelt and Implications for Ecosystem N Budgets","volume":"18","author":"Morse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2782","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.10400","article-title":"Soil moisture response to snowmelt timing in mixed-conifer subalpine forests","volume":"29","author":"Harpold","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-017-3955-8","article-title":"Influence of snowmelt on soil moisture and on near surface air temperature during winter-spring transition season","volume":"51","author":"Ambadan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/1\/187\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:55:32Z","timestamp":1760147732000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/1\/187"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15010187"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15010187","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]]}}}