{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T15:43:00Z","timestamp":1772552580425,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MIUR","award":["legge 145\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["legge 145\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Bando di Ricerca Libera 2019 of INGV","award":["legge 145\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["legge 145\/2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We present a new automatic procedure for updating digital topographic data from multi-source satellite imagery, which consists in the production of Digital Surface Models (DSMs) from high resolution optical satellite images, followed by a context-aware fusion that exploits the complementary characteristics of the multi-source DSMs. The fused DSM minimizes blunders and artifacts due to occlusions (e.g., the presence of clouds, snow or ash plumes) in the source images, resulting in improved accuracy and quality versus those that are not merged. The procedure has been tested to produce the 2021 digital topography of Mt Etna, whose summit area is constantly changing and shows the new peak of 3347 m on the north rim of the South East Crater. We also employ the 2021 DSM to measure the volcanic deposits emplaced in the last five years, finding about 120 million cubic meters, with a yearly average volume of about 24 million cubic meters in agreement with the large eruptive rates registered at Mt Etna since the nineteen seventies. The flexibility and modularity of the presented procedure make it easily exportable to other environmental contexts, allowing for a fast and frequent reconstruction of topographic surfaces even in extreme environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15010198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T03:18:18Z","timestamp":1672370298000},"page":"198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Data Fusion for Satellite-Derived Earth Surface: The 2021 Topographic Map of Etna Volcano"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9914-1107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaetana","family":"Ganci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo-Sezione di Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9947-8789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annalisa","family":"Cappello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo-Sezione di Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5890-3398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Neri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo-Sezione di Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2011.06.001","article-title":"Systematic morphometric characterization of volcanic edifices using digital elevation models","volume":"136","author":"Grosse","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2011.12.009","article-title":"Photogrammetric monitoring of lava dome growth during the 2009 eruption of Redoubt Volcano","volume":"259","author":"Diefenbach","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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