{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T07:31:59Z","timestamp":1767598319839,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The paper investigates the usage of LiDAR (light detection and ranging) data for the automation of mapping vegetation with respect to the evaluation of the ecological succession process. The study was performed for the repository of the \u201cFryderyk\u201d mine (southern Poland). The post-flotation area analyzed is a unique refuge habitat\u2014Natura2000, PLH240008\u2014where a forest succession has occurred for several dozen years. Airborne laser scanning (ALS) point clouds were used for deriving detailed information about the morphometry of the spoil heap and about the secondary forest succession process\u2014mainly vegetation parameters i.e., height and canopy cover. The area of the spoil heap is irregular with a flat top and steep slopes above 20\u00b0. Analyses of ALS point clouds (2011 and 2019), confirmed progression in the forest succession process, and land cover changes especially in wooded or bushed areas. Precise vegetation parameters (3D LiDAR metrics) were calculated and provided the following parameters: mean value of vegetation height as 6.84 m (2011) and 8.41 m (2019), and canopy cover as 30.0% (2011) and 42.0% (2019). Changes in vegetation volume (3D area) were shown: 2011\u2014310,558 m3, 2019\u2014325,266 m3, vegetation removal\u201485,136 m3, increasing ecological succession\u201499,880 m3.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15010201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T03:18:18Z","timestamp":1672370298000},"page":"201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["LiDAR Point Clouds Usage for Mapping the Vegetation Cover of the \u201cFryderyk\u201d Mine Repository"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1305-5476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Szostak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Resource Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 31-425 Krakow, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6946-8803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Paj\u0105k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecological Engineering and Forest Hydrology, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 31-425 Krakow, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021302725532","article-title":"Selected physicochemical properties of zinc and lead ore tailings and their biological stabilisation","volume":"141","author":"Krzaklewski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1023\/B:WATE.0000049173.18935.71","article-title":"Contamination of forest soils in the vicinity of the sedimentation pond after zinc and lead ore flotation (in the region of Olkusz, Southern Poland)","volume":"159","author":"Krzaklewski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"43","article-title":"Rozw\u00f3j g\u00f3rnictwa rud cynku i o\u0142owiu w bytomsko\u2212tarnog\u00f3rskim rejonie z\u0142o\u017cowym od ko\u0144ca XVIII wieku do czas\u00f3w wsp\u00f3\u0142czesnych","volume":"Volume 14","author":"Machowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Z Bada\u0144 Nad Wp\u0142ywem Antropopresji na \u015arodowisko"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.3832\/ifor0581-004","article-title":"Heavy metal (Zn, Pb, Cd) concentration in soil and moss (Pleurozium schreberii) in the Brynica district, southern Poland","volume":"4","author":"Jasik","year":"2011","journal-title":"iForest-Biogeosci. 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