{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T17:50:07Z","timestamp":1768672207528,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFF1302600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF1302600"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["SKLFSE-ZQ-55"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLFSE-ZQ-55"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["SKLFSE-ZY-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLFSE-ZY-19"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering Foundation","award":["2022YFF1302600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF1302600"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering Foundation","award":["SKLFSE-ZQ-55"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLFSE-ZQ-55"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering Foundation","award":["SKLFSE-ZY-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLFSE-ZY-19"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering Foundation","award":["2022YFF1302600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF1302600"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering Foundation","award":["SKLFSE-ZQ-55"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLFSE-ZQ-55"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering Foundation","award":["SKLFSE-ZY-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLFSE-ZY-19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The land surface temperature obtained from remote sensing was widely used in the simulation of permafrost mapping instead of air temperature with the rapid development of remote sensing technology. The land surface freezing and thawing index (LFI and LTI), which is commonly regarded as the ground surface freezing and thawing index (GFI and GTI), can produce certain errors in the simulation of permafrost distribution on the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau. This paper improved the accuracy of the thermal condition of the surface soil in the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Engineering Corridor (QTEC) by calculating the LFI (or LTI) and N-factors. The environmental factors affecting the spatial distribution of the GFI and GTI were detected by the GeoDetector model. Finally, the multiple linear relationships between the GFI (or GTI) and the environmental factors were established. The results from 25 monitoring sites in the QTEC show that the Nf (ratio of GFI to LFI) is 1.088, and the Nt (ratio of GTI to LTI) is 0.554. The explanatory power of the interaction between elevation and latitude for the GFI and GTI is 79.3% and 85.6%, respectively. The multiple linear regression model with six explanatory variables established by GFI (or GTI) has good accuracy. This study can provide relatively accurate upper boundary conditions for the simulation of permafrost distribution in the QTEC region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15010208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T02:44:03Z","timestamp":1672627443000},"page":"208","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Ground Surface Freezing and Thawing Index Distribution in the Qinghai-Tibet Engineering Corridor and Factors Analysis Based on GeoDetector Technique"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8460-874X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shen","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beiluhe Observation and Research Station of Frozen Soil Engineering and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingyi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beiluhe Observation and Research Station of Frozen Soil Engineering and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ji","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beiluhe Observation and Research Station of Frozen Soil Engineering and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shouhong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Railway Qinghai-Tibet Group Co., Ltd., Xining 810007, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tianchun","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Railway Qinghai-Tibet Group Co., Ltd., Xining 810007, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qihang","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beiluhe Observation and Research Station of Frozen Soil Engineering and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beiluhe Observation and Research Station of Frozen Soil Engineering and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guojun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beiluhe Observation and Research Station of Frozen Soil Engineering and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2010.04.017","article-title":"Performance of solar chimney power plant in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Renew. 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