{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T04:36:33Z","timestamp":1766378193233,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42141015","42171359","YJKYYQ20200048","2021032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42141015","42171359","YJKYYQ20200048","2021032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Scientific Instrument Developing Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["42141015","42171359","YJKYYQ20200048","2021032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42141015","42171359","YJKYYQ20200048","2021032"]}]},{"name":"Water Science and Technology Project of Jiangsu Province","award":["42141015","42171359","YJKYYQ20200048","2021032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42141015","42171359","YJKYYQ20200048","2021032"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The identification and monitoring of cyanobacterial blooms (CBs) is critical for ensuring water security. However, traditional methods are time-consuming and labor-intensive and are not ideal for large-scale monitoring. In operational monitoring, the existing remote sensing methods are also not ideal due to complex surface features, unstable models, and poor robustness thresholds. Here, a novel algorithm, the pseudo-Forel-Ule index (P-FUI), is developed and validated to identify cyanobacterial blooms based on Terra MODIS, Landsat-8 OLI, Sentinel-2 MSI, and Sentinel-3 OLCI sensors. First, three parameters of P-FUI, that is, brightness Y, saturation s, and hue angle \u03b1, were calculated based on remote sensing reflectance. Then, the robustness thresholds of the parameters were determined by statistical analysis for a frequency distribution histogram. We validated the accuracy of our approach using high-spatial-resolution satellite data with the aid of field investigations. Considerable results were obtained by using water color differences directly. The overall classification accuracy is more than 93.76%, and the user\u2019s accuracy and producer\u2019s accuracy are more than 94.60% and 94.00%, respectively, with a kappa coefficient of 0.91. The identified cyanobacterial blooms\u2019 spatial distribution with high, medium, and low intensity produced consistent results compared to those based on satellite data. Impact factors were also discussed, and the algorithm was shown to be tolerant of perturbations by clouds and high turbidity. This new approach enables operational monitoring of cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophic lakes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15010215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T02:44:03Z","timestamp":1672627443000},"page":"215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Innovative Remote Sensing Identification of Cyanobacterial Blooms Inspired from Pseudo Water Color"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0790-4996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhen","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuchao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai\u2019an 223300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lai","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaomin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiduo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1648-7","article-title":"Widespread global increase in intense lake phytoplankton blooms since the 1980s","volume":"574","author":"Ho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0040-1","article-title":"Cyanobacterial blooms","volume":"16","author":"Huisman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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