{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T21:39:35Z","timestamp":1779313175363,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42230611"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42230611"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U2142208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2142208"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41875022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41875022"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41875020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41875020"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42005071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42005071"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["D2022403013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D2022403013"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province, China","award":["42230611"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42230611"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province, China","award":["U2142208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2142208"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province, China","award":["41875022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41875022"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province, China","award":["41875020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41875020"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province, China","award":["42005071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42005071"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province, China","award":["D2022403013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D2022403013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Evapotranspiration (ET) is an essential component of the land\u2013atmosphere water cycle. In this work, the trend of ET and its dominant factors during 1982 to 2011 are investigated in the northern drought-prone belt of China (NDPB) based on five datasets, including the gridded FLUXNET, using the Pearson correlation and linear regression methods. Specially, we focus on the increasing contribution of vegetation in the change of ET. During 1982\u20132011, summer ET significantly increased at the rate of 0.33 mm\/year (p &lt; 0.05) in the NDPB. However, similar to global-mean ET, the ET in NDPB also experienced a pronounced fluctuation during 1999 and 2002. The role of water supply differed remarkably before and after the fluctuation while the atmospheric demand maintained weak constraint on ET. Before the fluctuation (during 1982\u20132000), ET correlated significantly (p &lt; 0.01) and positively with soil moisture, indicating ET was primarily limited by water supply. However, their correlation weakened remarkably after the fluctuation when soil moisture decreased to the lowest level for the past thirty years, indicating that neither moisture supply nor atmospheric demand dominated the ET during this period. In contrast, vegetation leaf area index (LAI) maintained consistent significant (p &lt; 0.01) and positive correlation with ET before and after the fluctuation in the NDPB, and it reflected over 60% of the change in ET. Moreover, the LAI in NDPB increased by 19.6% which was more than double of the global-mean increase. The ET increase due to rising LAI offset the ET decrease due to reduction of soil moisture, and vegetation became the primary constraint on ET during 2001\u20132011. The expansion of vegetation may intensify the risk of drought and cause conflicting demands for water between the ecosystem and humans in the NDPB, especially in the case of weak summer monsoon.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15010221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T02:44:03Z","timestamp":1672627443000},"page":"221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Enhanced Impact of Vegetation on Evapotranspiration in the Northern Drought-Prone Belt of China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8261-3403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Disaster Reduction in Gansu Province, Key Open Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Disaster Reduction in CMA, Institute of Arid Meteorology, CMA, Lanzhou 730020, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Disaster Reduction in Gansu Province, Key Open Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Disaster Reduction in CMA, Institute of Arid Meteorology, CMA, Lanzhou 730020, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8447-8279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zesu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Disaster Reduction in Gansu Province, Key Open Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Disaster Reduction in CMA, Institute of Arid Meteorology, CMA, Lanzhou 730020, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Disaster Reduction in Gansu Province, Key Open Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Disaster Reduction in CMA, Institute of Arid Meteorology, CMA, Lanzhou 730020, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei International Joint Research Center for Remote Sensing of Agricultural Drought Monitoring, School of Land Science and Space Planning, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang 050031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-019-0220-7","article-title":"China and India lead in greening of the world through land-use management","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2015.09.041","article-title":"Multiple afforestation programs accelerate the greenness in the\u2018Three North\u2019 region of China from 1982 to 2013","volume":"61","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JCLI2471.1","article-title":"Evaluating the \u201cRich-Get-Richer\u201d Mechanism in Tropical Precipitation Change under Global Warming","volume":"22","author":"Chou","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09364","article-title":"The Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources and Agriculture in China","volume":"467","author":"Piao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-6-2001-2009","article-title":"Towards global empirical upscaling of FLUXNET eddy covariance observations: Validation of a model tree ensemble approach using a biosphere model","volume":"6","author":"Jung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L20504","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL020873","article-title":"Basin scale estimates of evapotranspiration using GRACE and other observations","volume":"31","author":"Rodell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Vermote, E., Justice, C., Csiszar, I., Eidenshink, J., Myneni, R., Baret, F., Masuoka, E., Wolfe, R., Claverie, M., and Program, N.C. (2014). NOAA Climate Data Record (CDR) of AVHRR Surface Reflectance, Version 4."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.828","article-title":"The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system","volume":"137","author":"Dee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.3711","article-title":"Updated high-resolution grids of monthly climatic observations\u2014The CRU TS3.10 Dataset","volume":"34","author":"Harris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5762","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62467-0","article-title":"The trends in land surface heat fluxes over global monsoon domains and their responses to monsoon and precipitation","volume":"10","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep.-UK"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3891","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-018-4364-3","article-title":"Conversion features of evapotranspiration responding to climate warming in transitional climate regions in northern China","volume":"52","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-84-8-1013","article-title":"The Common Land Model","volume":"84","author":"Dai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7251","DOI":"10.1029\/95JD02165","article-title":"Modeling of land surface evaporation by four schemes and comparison with FIFE observations","volume":"101","author":"Chen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14415","DOI":"10.1029\/94JD00483","article-title":"A Simple Hydrologically Based Model of Land-Surface Water and Energy Fluxes for General-Circulation Models","volume":"99","author":"Liang","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Koster, R.D., and Suarez, M.J. (1996). Energy and Water Balance Calculations in the Mosaic LSM."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.864","article-title":"Atmospheric conservation properties in ERA-Interim","volume":"137","author":"Berrisford","year":"2011","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.11.017","article-title":"Evaluation of remotely sensed and modelled soil moisture products using global ground-based in situ observation","volume":"118","author":"Albergel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020940","article-title":"Intercomparison of spring soil moisture among multiple reanalysis data sets over eastern China","volume":"119","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-15-0007.1","article-title":"Evaluation of 22 Precipitation and 23 Soil Moisture Products over a Semiarid Area in Southeastern Arizona","volume":"17","author":"Stillman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11575","article-title":"Little change in global drought over the past 60 years","volume":"491","author":"Sheffield","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1890\/08-0823.1","article-title":"Projected climate-induced faunal change in the Western Hemisphere","volume":"90","author":"Lawler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2010.12.002","article-title":"Climate variability and crop production in Tanzania","volume":"151","author":"Rowhani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3314","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.4557","article-title":"Long-term trends in precipitation and temperature across the Caribbean","volume":"36","author":"Jones","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2010.02.004","article-title":"Investigating soil moisture-climate interactions in a changing climate: A review","volume":"99","author":"Seneviratne","year":"2010","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-020-0717-0","article-title":"Increased control of vegetation on global terrestrial energy fluxes","volume":"10","author":"Forzieri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-009-8213-5","article-title":"An overview of dry-wet climate variability among monsoon-westerly regions and the monsoon northernmost marginal active zone in China","volume":"26","author":"Qian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5511","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-019-04876-0","article-title":"A humidity index for the summer monsoon transition zone in East Asia","volume":"53","author":"Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-2804-2_20","article-title":"Transitional climate zones and biome boundaries: A case study from China","volume":"Volume 92","author":"Hansen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Landscape Boundaries"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"L06706","article-title":"Land-atmosphere coupling and diurnal temperature range over the contiguous United States","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-020-03239-8","article-title":"On the land-atmosphere interaction in the summer monsoon transition zone in East Asia","volume":"141","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5391","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-5391-2012","article-title":"Enhanced cold-season warming in semi-arid regions","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3257","DOI":"10.1175\/2011JCLI3733.1","article-title":"Soil Moisture Drought in China, 1950\u20132006","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Drought Severity Frequency Duration and Regional Differences in China","volume":"39","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Desert Res."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"752","article-title":"Global Change and Regional Aridification","volume":"32","author":"Fu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin. J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09396","article-title":"Recent Decline in the Global Land Evapotranspiration Trend Due to Limited Moisture Supply","volume":"467","author":"Jung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5686","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI3990.1","article-title":"Robust Responses of the Hydrological Cycle to Global Warming","volume":"19","author":"Held","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1155121","article-title":"Forests and Climate Change: Forcings, Feedbacks, and the Climate Benefits of Forests","volume":"320","author":"Bonan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1038\/386698a0","article-title":"Increased Plant Growth in the Northern High Latitudes from 1981 to 1991","volume":"386","author":"Myneni","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1002\/gbc.20027","article-title":"Analysis of trends in fused AVHRR and MODIS NDVI data for 1982\u20132006: Indication for a CO2 fertilization effect in global vegetation","volume":"27","author":"Los","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12795","article-title":"Detection and attribution of vegetation greening trend in China over the last 30 years","volume":"21","author":"Piao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-17-0236.1","article-title":"Impact of Earth Greening on the Terrestrial Water Cycle","volume":"31","author":"Zeng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12915","article-title":"A two-fold increase of carbon cycle sensitivity to tropical temperature variations","volume":"506","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3004","article-title":"Greening of the Earth and its drivers","volume":"6","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3299","article-title":"Climate mitigation from vegetation biophysical feedbacks during the past three decades","volume":"7","author":"Zeng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/1\/221\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:48:54Z","timestamp":1760147334000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/1\/221"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15010221"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15010221","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]}}}