{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T18:33:29Z","timestamp":1780079609385,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]],"date-time":"2022-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFD1500101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1500101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022C61540"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022C61540"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Special Funds for Creative Research","award":["2021YFD1500101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1500101"]}]},{"name":"the Special Funds for Creative Research","award":["2022C61540"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022C61540"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Northeast China is a prominent base for commercial grain production nationwide. Soil erosion, a primary cause of land degradation and grain yield decrease, has become an imminent issue and is still not well documented in Northeast China. Thus, a comprehensive assessment of soil erosion in Northeast China is essential for deepening our understanding of various geological and agricultural issues, such as control of regional water and soil losses, anti-degeneration attempts on black soil, preservation of land fertility, and safeguarding of national food security. Based on the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and the Revised Wind Erosion Equation (RWEQ) models, this paper comprehensively assessed the water and wind erosion in Northeast China from 2000 to 2020 and analyzed the current situation, as well as the spatial and temporal evolution of soil erosion. The results suggest the following: (1) The degree of soil erosion in Northeast China was mainly slight, and water erosion was more severe than wind erosion. Water and wind erosion in bare land and grassland were more intensive than in cropland and forests. The Liao River Plain (LRP) has undergone relatively intensive water erosion, while the wind erosion in the Greater Kinggan Mountains Region (GKMR) was more intensive than in other sub-regions. (2) A slight intensifying trend of water erosion could be observed in Northeast China from 2000 to 2020, where the area of slight water erosion decreased and that of light and intensive water erosion increased. The water erosion in the Changbai Mountain Region (CBMR), the Sanjiang Plain (SJP), and the Songnen Plain (SNP) intensified, while the LRP has undergone slower water erosion than before. The water erosion in bare land and cropland intensified, while the water erosion in grassland and forests slowed down. Compared to the first decade (2000\u20132010), the second decade (2010\u20132020) in the timespan of study had a reversed trend of water erosion from intensifying to moderating, which means water erosion was alleviated. (3) A moderating trend in wind erosion could be found in Northeast China from 2000 to 2020, where the area of slight wind erosion increased and that of light, moderate, and intensive wind erosion decreased. The wind erosion in the LRP showed a pronounced decrease, and the wind erosion in bare land and cropland also considerably decreased. Compared to the first decade, the amount of wind erosion in the second decade decreased by 18.2%, but the rate in the second decade decreased slowly or even increased. These two facts indicate that wind erosion in Northeast China has alleviated, but this trend is gradually slowing down. Soil erosion is caused by multiple factors, such as climate, topography, soil, and human activities. This study provides important implications for our understanding of soil erosion control and management in Northeast China. In sub-regions with severe erosion, such as the LRP and the GKMR, we can adopt methods such as zero tillage, cross ridge tillage, and straw mulching according to the local characteristics of soil erosion to slow down the process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15010225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T02:44:03Z","timestamp":1672627443000},"page":"225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Spatial and Temporal Variability of Soil Erosion in Northeast China from 2000 to 2020"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Shihao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9185-9747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinliang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, L., Shen, Z., Liu, Y., Yu, C., Lu, Q., Zhang, Z., Gao, Y., and Nie, T. (2022). Identification of driving forces for windbreak and sand fixation services in semiarid and arid areas: A case of Inner Mongolia, China. Prog. Phys. Geogr.-Earth Environ.","DOI":"10.1177\/03091333221105403"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1177\/0309133319878107","article-title":"Linking spatial differentiation with sustainability management: Academic contributions and research directions of physical geography in China","volume":"44","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Phys. Geogr.-Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2016.02.042","article-title":"Assessment of wind and water erosion risk in the watershed of the Ningxia-Inner Mongolia Reach of the Yellow River, China","volume":"67","author":"Du","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2022.105343","article-title":"Evaluating soil erosion by introducing crop residue cover and anthropogenic disturbance intensity into cropland C-factor calculation: Novel estimations from a cropland-dominant region of Northeast China","volume":"219","author":"Wan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2016.10.004","article-title":"Impacts of climate change on water erosion: A review","volume":"163","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2015.10.004","article-title":"Assessment of soil erosion change and its relationships with land use\/cover change in China from the end of the 1980s to 2010","volume":"137","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2019.05.014","article-title":"A linkage between the biophysical and the economic: Assessing the global market impacts of soil erosion","volume":"86","author":"Sartori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2021.106910","article-title":"Application of the source-sink landscape method in the evaluation of agricultural non-point source pollution: First estimation of an orchard-dominated area in China","volume":"252","author":"Wan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2020.104848","article-title":"Identification of sediment sources and exploration of scale effects in the black soil region of Northeast China","volume":"195","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.4250","article-title":"Soil erosion in the Anthropocene: Research needs","volume":"43","author":"Poesen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.05.061","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of soil productivity and predicted impacts of water erosion in the black soil region of northeastern China","volume":"637","author":"Gu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4254","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.4031","article-title":"A case-study on history and rates of gully erosion in Northeast China","volume":"32","author":"Wen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2011.08.005","article-title":"Soil erosion control practices in Northeast China: A mini-review","volume":"117","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2021.115112","article-title":"Quantifying sediment source contributions in an agricultural catchment with ephemeral and classic gullies using Cs-137 technique","volume":"398","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2019.104146","article-title":"The gully erosion rates in the black soil region of northeastern China: Induced by different processes and indicated by different indexes","volume":"182","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1015","article-title":"Temporal and Spatial Variation of Erosion Gullies in Kebai Black Soil Region of Heilongjiang during the Past 50 Years","volume":"60","author":"Yan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, B., Zhang, Z., Wang, X., Zhao, X., Yi, L., and Hu, S. (2020). Object-Based Mapping of Gullies Using Optical Images: A Case Study in the Black Soil Region, Northeast of China. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12030487"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2019.04.005","article-title":"Using reservoir deposits to quantify the source contributions to the sediment yield in the Black Soil Region, Northeast China, based on the fingerprinting technique","volume":"339","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2007.02.010","article-title":"Characteristics and factors controlling the development of ephemeral gullies in cultivated catchments of black soil region, Northeast China","volume":"96","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2016.04.002","article-title":"The effects of raindrop impact and runoff detachment on hillslope soil erosion and soil aggregate loss in the Mollisol region of Northeast China","volume":"161","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940082919856835","DOI":"10.1177\/1940082919856835","article-title":"Characteristics of material migration during soil erosion in sloped farmland in the black soil region of Northeast China","volume":"12","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop. Conserv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2021.105232","article-title":"Gully is the dominant sediment source of snowmelt erosion in the black soil region-A case study","volume":"215","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iswcr.2017.04.001","article-title":"Natural and anthropogenic rates of soil erosion","volume":"5","author":"Nearing","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Soil Water Conserv. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2022.106250","article-title":"Rates and causes of black soil erosion in Northeast China","volume":"214","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1134\/S1064229320100178","article-title":"Soil Erosion and Typical Soil and Water Conservation Measures on Hillslopes in the Chinese Mollisol Region","volume":"53","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eurasian Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-015-1847-y","article-title":"Rainfall intensity and inflow rate effects on hillslope soil erosion in the Mollisol region of Northeast China","volume":"79","author":"Wen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.17221\/106\/2021-SWR","article-title":"The coupling of hillslope- and gully-erosion increases their controlling efforts: A case study in Liaoning Province, China","volume":"17","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soil Water Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2007.02.004","article-title":"Short-term gully retreat rates over rolling hill areas in black soil of Northeast China","volume":"71","author":"Hu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, R., Sun, H., Yang, J., Zhang, S., Fu, H., Wang, N., and Liu, Q. (2022). Quantitative Evaluation of Gully Erosion Using Multitemporal UAV Data in the Southern Black Soil Region of Northeast China: A Case Study. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14061479"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2021.115166","article-title":"Annual variation of ephemeral gully erosion in a cultivated catchment","volume":"401","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, Z., Gao, B., Ou, C., Du, Z., Yang, J., Batsaikhan, B., Dorjgotov, B., Yun, W., and Zhu, D. (2021). A Quantitative Analysis of Factors Influencing Organic Matter Concentration in the Topsoil of Black Soil in Northeast China Based on Spatial Heterogeneous Patterns. Isprs Int. J. Geo-Inf., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10050348"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2021.107677","article-title":"Soil erosion significantly decreases aggregate-associated OC and N in agricultural soils of Northeast China","volume":"323","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2020.107081","article-title":"Response of soil OC, N and P to land-use change and erosion in the black soil region of the Northeast China","volume":"302","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s13717-019-0184-6","article-title":"Soil erosion affects variations of soil organic carbon and soil respiration along a slope in Northeast China","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Process."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-012-1863-0","article-title":"Effects of gully erosion and gully filling on soil depth and crop production in the black soil region, northeast China","volume":"68","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2017.12.022","article-title":"Tillage erosion and its effect on spatial variations of soil organic carbon in the black soil region of China","volume":"178","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2012.04.019","article-title":"Using Cs-137 technique to quantify soil erosion and deposition rates in an agricultural catchment in the black soil region, Northeast China","volume":"169","author":"Fang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2018.11.011","article-title":"Estimating long-term erosion and sedimentation rate on farmland using magnetic susceptibility in northeast China","volume":"187","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652933","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2021.652933","article-title":"Effect of Land Use Change on Gully Erosion Density in the Black Soil Region of Northeast China from 1965 to 2015: A Case Study of the Kedong County","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, B., Zhang, Z., Wang, X., Zhao, X., Yi, L., and Hu, S. (2021). The Suitability of Remote Sensing Images at Different Resolutions for Mapping of Gullies in the Black Soil Region, Northeast China. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13122367"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, R., Zhang, S., Pu, L., Yang, J., Yang, C., Chen, J., Guan, C., Wang, Q., Chen, D., and Fu, B. (2016). Gully Erosion Mapping and Monitoring at Multiple Scales Based on Multi-Source Remote Sensing Data of the Sancha River Catchment, Northeast China. Isprs Int. J. Geo-Inf., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi5110200"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2021.106935","article-title":"Responses of runoff and soil erosion to planting pattern, row direction, and straw mulching on sloped farmland in the corn belt of northeast China","volume":"253","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141715","article-title":"May agricultural terraces induce gully erosion? A case study from the Black Soil Region of Northeast China","volume":"750","author":"Wen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2017.10.005","article-title":"Comparison of runoff and soil loss in different tillage systems in the Mollisol region of Northeast China","volume":"177","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.3866","article-title":"The effectiveness of selected vegetation communities in regulating runoff and soil loss from regraded gully banks in the Mollisol region of Northeast China","volume":"32","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2020.105129","article-title":"Aggravated risk of soil erosion with global warming\u2014A global meta-analysis","volume":"200","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2010.07.004","article-title":"Soil loss and conservation in the black soil region of Northeast China: A retrospective study","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci Policy"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-020-08298-y","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variability of soil erosion in the black soil region of Northeast China from 2000 to 2015","volume":"192","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Monit Assess"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"44","article-title":"Influencing Factors of Wind Erosion and Their Quantitative Relationships with Erosion Rate in Black Soil Area of Northeast China","volume":"31","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Shen, H., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., and Gao, Q. (2021). Effects of ridge tillage and straw returning on runoff and soil loss under simulated rainfall in the mollisol region of Northeast China. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su131910614"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coldregions.2017.01.002","article-title":"Experimental study on the effect of freezing-thawing cycles on wind erosion of black soil in Northeast China","volume":"136","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cold Reg. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2020.104927","article-title":"The role of vegetation on earth bunds in mitigating soil erosion in Mollisols region of Northeast China","volume":"196","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S1002-0160(06)60044-1","article-title":"Using Cs-137 tracer technique to evaluate erosion and deposition of black soil in Northeast China","volume":"16","author":"Fang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pedosphere"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112395","article-title":"Telecoupling cropland soil erosion with distant drivers within China","volume":"288","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.567","article-title":"Black soil degradation by rainfall erosion in Jilin, China","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2020.107103","article-title":"A global review of sediment source fingerprinting research incorporating fallout radiocesium (Cs-137)","volume":"362","author":"Evrard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iswcr.2018.12.002","article-title":"The assessment of water-borne erosion at catchment level using GIS-based RUSLE and remote sensing: A review","volume":"7","author":"Phinzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Soil Water Conserv. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.015","article-title":"Impacts of anthropogenic land use\/cover changes on soil wind erosion in China","volume":"668","author":"Chi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136060","article-title":"Predicting the spatiotemporal variation in soil wind erosion across Central Asia in response to climate change in the 21st century","volume":"709","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.06.241","article-title":"Effects of land use and climate change on ecosystem services in Central Asia\u2019s arid regions: A case study in Altay Prefecture, China","volume":"607","author":"Fu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-8152(03)00122-1","article-title":"Validation of the wind erosion stochastic simulator (WESS) and the revised wind erosion equation (RWEQ) for single events","volume":"19","author":"Zobeck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.05.082","article-title":"Response of wind erosion dynamics to climate change and human activity in Inner Mongolia, China during 1990 to 2015","volume":"639","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"183","article-title":"RWEQ: Improved wind erosion technology","volume":"55","author":"Fryrear","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2018.03.018","article-title":"Integrating ecosystem services into effectiveness assessment of ecological restoration program in northern China\u2019s arid areas: Insights from the Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Region","volume":"75","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.4146","article-title":"Potential wind erosion rate response to climate and land-use changes in the watershed of the Ningxia-Inner Mongolia reach of the Yellow River, China, 1986-2013","volume":"42","author":"Du","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2016.01.051","article-title":"Quantification and assessment of changes in ecosystem service in the Three-River Headwaters Region, China as a result of climate variability and land cover change","volume":"66","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"90","article-title":"Analysis on Wind Erosion and Main Factors in Desertification Control Ecologincal Function Area of Hunshandake Using the Revised Wind Erosio Equation Model","volume":"23","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"21","article-title":"Estimate of the Wind Erosion Modules in Qinghai Province Based on RWEQ Model","volume":"22","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.115131","article-title":"Combined effects of multi-land use decisions and climate change on water-related ecosystem services in Northeast China","volume":"315","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"17","article-title":"Soil erosion and food security in the black soil region of Northeast China","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soil Water Conserv. China"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"1","article-title":"Advances and Prospects of Soil Erosion Research in the Black Soil Region of Northeast China","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"3","article-title":"Spatiotemporal characteristics, patterns and causes of land use changes in China since the late 1980s","volume":"69","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"705","article-title":"Rainfall Erosivity Estimation Using Daily Rainfall Amounts","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sci. Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"189","article-title":"Soil erodibility nomograph for farmland and construction sites","volume":"26","author":"Wischmeier","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.30576","article-title":"Revised slope steepness factor for the universal soil loss equation","volume":"30","author":"McCool","year":"1987","journal-title":"Trans. Asae"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.28273","article-title":"Slope gradient effects on soil loss for steep slopes","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trans. Asae"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"19","article-title":"Study of Applying USLE and Geographical Information System IDRISI to Predict Soil Erosion in Small Watershed","volume":"14","author":"Cai","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6151","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63137-x","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variations and significance identification of ecosystem services in the Sanjiangyuan National Park, China","volume":"10","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.05.066","article-title":"Linking the benefits of ecosystem services to sustainable spatial planning of ecological conservation strategies","volume":"222","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2018.02.028","article-title":"Changes in multiple ecosystem services between 2000 and 2013 and their driving factors in the Grazing Withdrawal Program, China","volume":"116","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"(2008). Standards for Classification and Gradation of Soil Erosion. People\u2019s Republic of China Water Resources Industry Standard (Standard No. SL190-2007)."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3473","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160600593031","article-title":"Interannual variability of vegetation cover in the Chinese Heihe river basin and its relation to meteorological parameters","volume":"27","author":"Ma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"66","article-title":"Effects of Variation in Vegetation Cover and Rainfall on Soil Erosion in Black Soil Region,Northeastern China","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"642","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of soil conservation in 2000-2010 in Heilongjiang Province using RUSLE model","volume":"23","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Eco-Agric."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"69","article-title":"Study on Regional Soil Wind Erosion and Its Influencing Factors Based on Different Wind Erosion Models-Take Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region as An Example","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"327","article-title":"Spatial-Temporal Variation and Zoning Review of Soil Wind Erosion in the Three Provinces of Northeast China","volume":"43","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. Agrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"17","article-title":"Research progresses and prospects on freeze-thaw erosion in the black soil region of Northeast China","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2019.124066","article-title":"Interactive effects of raindrop impact and groundwater seepage on soil erosion","volume":"578","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"1218","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of soil erosion factors in sloping farmland in black soil area of Northeast China","volume":"76","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"110","article-title":"Effects of Tillage Methods on Wind Erosion in Farmland of Northeastern China","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"44","article-title":"Effects of Straw Mulching and No Tillage for Continuous 14Years on Soil and Water Conservation in Mollisols Sloping Farmland","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"300","article-title":"Effects of Ridge Planting on Reducing Runoff and Soil Organic Carbon Loss in Black Soil Slope","volume":"36","author":"Gai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"430","article-title":"The Influence of Transverse and Longitudinal Ridge Tillage on Soil Erosion and Deposition Cycles for Mollisol Slope","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Pedol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"845","article-title":"Conservation Practices and Management in Ukrainian Mollisols","volume":"18","author":"Kravchenko","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/1\/225\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:49:07Z","timestamp":1760147347000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/1\/225"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15010225"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15010225","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]]}}}