{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T17:18:55Z","timestamp":1770743935111,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]],"date-time":"2022-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41907050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41907050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41877073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41877073"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2019MD031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2019MD031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["J18KA197"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J18KA197"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","award":["41907050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41907050"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","award":["41877073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41877073"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","award":["ZR2019MD031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2019MD031"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","award":["J18KA197"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J18KA197"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Colleges and Universities Scientific Research Program","award":["41907050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41907050"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Colleges and Universities Scientific Research Program","award":["41877073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41877073"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Colleges and Universities Scientific Research Program","award":["ZR2019MD031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2019MD031"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Colleges and Universities Scientific Research Program","award":["J18KA197"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J18KA197"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-homogeneous soil\u2019s high gravel content (also known as the \u201csoil-rock dual structure\u201d) may render it more prone to erosion and the significant development of gullies. In order to reveal the morphological characteristics and erosion rate of gullies in \u201csoil-rock dual structure\u201d areas, this study focused on the Shagou Reservoir basin in the Yimeng mountain area as the study area. Based on a complete digital orthophoto map (DOM, 0.03 m) and a digital elevation model (DEM, 0.03 m) acquired by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), the researchers calculated the length (L), top width (TW), depth (D), area (A) and volume (V) of 19 gullies and built and optimized the volume estimation model. The DOM and the DEM were used to modify the morphological parameters of 43 gullies extracted from high-resolution remote sensing (RS) stereopair images (Worldview, 0.5 m), and the development and evolution of gully erosion were evaluated in large scale. The results showed that: (1) after correction, the average relative errors of parameters L, TW, D and A computed from the UAV data and the high-resolution RS stereopair image data fell below 0.005%; (2) the mean of TW\/D was 5.20, i.e., the lateral erosion development of gullies far outweighed the downcutting erosion. The retrogressive erosion, lateral erosion and downcutting erosion rates of gullies were 0.01~0.83 m\/a (averaged at 0.23 m\/a), 0.01~0.68 m\/a (averaged at 0.25 m\/a) and 0.01~0.19 m\/a (averaged at 0.09 m\/a), respectively, between 2014 and 2021; (3) the volume-area (V-A) model for gullies is the optimal one (p &lt; 0.01, R2 = 0.944).A total of 90.7% of the gully volume was growing at an erosion rate of 0.42~399.39 m\u00b3\/a and the total erosion rate of the gullies was 3181.56 m3\/a from 2014 to 2021. These research findings can serve as a basis for the quantitative modeling of gully erosion in water-eroded locations with a large-dimension \u201csoil-rock dual structure\u201d.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15010233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T02:44:03Z","timestamp":1672627443000},"page":"233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Estimation of Gully Growth Rate and Erosion Amount Using UAV and Worldview-3 Images in Yimeng Mountain Area, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Guanghe","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tourism and Resources and Environment in Shandong Province, Taishan University, Tai\u2019an 271000, China"}]},{"given":"Weijun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tourism and Resources and Environment in Shandong Province, Taishan University, Tai\u2019an 271000, China"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100048, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaojing","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Resources and Soil Conservation Service Center of Tai\u2019an, Tai\u2019an 271000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.235","article-title":"Modelling gully-erosion susceptibility in a semi-arid region, Iran: Investigation of applicability of certainty factor and maximum entropy models","volume":"655","author":"Azareh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. 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