{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T05:14:20Z","timestamp":1778994860803,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]],"date-time":"2022-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42171357"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171357"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42201384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201384"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42192580"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42192580"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42192584"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42192584"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2019-2.1.11-T\u00c9T-2020-00171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-2.1.11-T\u00c9T-2020-00171"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Major Program","award":["42171357"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171357"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Major Program","award":["42201384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201384"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Major Program","award":["42192580"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42192580"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Major Program","award":["42192584"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42192584"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Major Program","award":["2019-2.1.11-T\u00c9T-2020-00171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-2.1.11-T\u00c9T-2020-00171"]}]},{"name":"Bilateral Chinese-Hungarian Project","award":["42171357"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171357"]}]},{"name":"Bilateral Chinese-Hungarian Project","award":["42201384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201384"]}]},{"name":"Bilateral Chinese-Hungarian Project","award":["42192580"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42192580"]}]},{"name":"Bilateral Chinese-Hungarian Project","award":["42192584"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42192584"]}]},{"name":"Bilateral Chinese-Hungarian Project","award":["2019-2.1.11-T\u00c9T-2020-00171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-2.1.11-T\u00c9T-2020-00171"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urban park green space (UPGS) plays an important role in providing ecological and social benefits. However, in many large cities with rapid economic development, the supply of UPGS is unfairly distributed, and there is a severe mismatch between its supply and residents\u2019 demand. Taking the Beijing central city as an example, this study aims to develop a fairness assessment model to quantify the fairness of UPGS distribution and the matching relationships between supply and demand for UPGS. To achieve the aims of the study, we improved the supply model of UPGS by integrating three factors: the number of UPGS, the service capacity of UPGS, and the quality of UPGS in the Beijing central city. Subsequently, we evaluated the spatial fairness and social fairness of the supply of UPGS using the Gini coefficient. Then, we used the number of residents in the sub-district to characterize the intensity of residents\u2019 needs and quantitatively analyzed the spatial matching relationship between the supply of UPGS and residents\u2019 demand. The results show that: (a) The improved supply model of UPGS can measure the supply of UPGS of different types in a more detailed way. (b) The per capita supply of UPGS is unevenly distributed among the six urban districts of Beijing, which may lead to a sense of unfairness among residents. While residents in Haidian District (Gini = 0.649) may have the highest sense of unfairness, followed by those in Fengtai (Gini = 0.505), Dongcheng (Gini = 0.410), Xicheng (Gini = 0.392), and Chaoyang District (Gini = 0.225). (c) The matching relationship between the supply of UPGS and the needs of different social groups is not ideal, especially the spatial matching relationship between the needs of the elderly and the supply of UPGS. This study can be used as a reference for supporting decision making in optimizing UPGS and providing a reference for fine urban management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15010244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T03:00:59Z","timestamp":1672628459000},"page":"244","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Evaluation of Fairness of Urban Park Green Space Based on an Improved Supply Model of Green Space: A Case Study of Beijing Central City"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xinke","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"},{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingyan","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth Observation of Hainan Province, Hainan Aerospace Information Research Institute, Sanya 572029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3538-1953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingzhao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"},{"name":"Innovation Center of Engineering Technology for Monitoring and Restoration of Ecological Fragile Areas in Southeast China, Ministry of Natural Resources, Fuzhou 350013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5835-1829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mona","family":"Allam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Environment & Climate Changes Research Institute, National Water Research Center, El Qanater EI Khairiya 13621\/5, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linlin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth Observation of Hainan Province, Hainan Aerospace Information Research Institute, Sanya 572029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinli","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth Observation of Hainan Province, Hainan Aerospace Information Research Institute, Sanya 572029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaxin","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, Ulster University, York Street, Belfast BT15 1ED, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tam\u00e1s","family":"Jancs\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alba Regia Technical Faculty, \u00d3buda University, Budai ut 45, H-8000 Szekesfehervar, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"The significance of Adams\u2019 theory of fairness to ideological and political education","volume":"43","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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