{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T12:38:14Z","timestamp":1784723894545,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Special Fund of Basic Scientific Research Business of Central Public Research Institutes","award":["2019YSKY-017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YSKY-017"]}]},{"name":"the Special Fund of Basic Scientific Research Business of Central Public Research Institutes","award":["41001055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41001055"]}]},{"name":"the Special Fund of Basic Scientific Research Business of Central Public Research Institutes","award":["2016YFC0500401-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC0500401-5"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2019YSKY-017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YSKY-017"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41001055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41001055"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2016YFC0500401-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC0500401-5"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2019YSKY-017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YSKY-017"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["41001055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41001055"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2016YFC0500401-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC0500401-5"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Impervious surfaces (IS) are one of the most important components of the earth\u2019s surface, and understanding how IS have expanded is vital. However, few studies on IS or urbanization have focused on the cradle of the Chinese nation\u2014the Yellow River Basin (YRB). In this study, the Random Forest and Temporal Consistency Check methods were employed to generate long-term maps of IS in the YRB based on Landsat imagery. To explore the dynamics and differences in IS, we developed a spatiotemporal analysis and put forward regional comparisons between different research units of the YRB. We documented the remote sensing-based ecological index (RSEI) in multiple circular zones to discuss the ecological effects of the expansion of IS. The IS extraction strategy achieved excellent performance, with an average overall accuracy of 90.93% and kappa coefficient of 0.79. The statistical results demonstrated that the spatial extent of IS areas in the YRB increased to 18,287.36 km2 in 2020 which was seven times more than that in 1986, at rates of 166 km2\/a during 1986\u20132001, 365 km2\/a during 2001\u20132010, and 1044 km2\/a during 2011\u20132020. Our results indicated that the expansion and densification of IS was slow in core urban areas with high initial IS fraction (ISF), significant in the suburban or rural areas with low initial ISF, and obvious but not significant in the exurb rural or depopulated areas with an initial ISF close to 0. The multiyear RSEI indicated that environmental quality of the YRB had improved with fluctuations. The ecological effects of the impervious expansion slightly differed in urban core areas versus outside these areas. When controlling the urban boundary, more attention should be paid to the rational distribution of ecologically important land. These results provide comprehensive information about IS expansion and can provide references for delineating urban growth boundaries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15010268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T04:56:27Z","timestamp":1672635387000},"page":"268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Dynamic Changes, Spatiotemporal Differences, and Ecological Effects of Impervious Surfaces in the Yellow River Basin, 1986\u20132020"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"},{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Eco-process and Function Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China"},{"name":"College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaqiang","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"},{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Eco-process and Function Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shifeng","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information Systems, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhilu","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"},{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Eco-process and Function Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangchengsi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"},{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Eco-process and Function Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingqing","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"},{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Eco-process and Function Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jialin","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"},{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Eco-process and Function Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China"},{"name":"College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2059-6070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lijuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"},{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Eco-process and Function Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.02.030","article-title":"Remote sensing of impervious surfaces in the urban areas: Requirements, methods, and trends","volume":"117","author":"Weng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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