{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T20:28:43Z","timestamp":1773692923583,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]],"date-time":"2023-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES, Brazil)","award":["CAPES\/Modelagem 88881.148662\/2017-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAPES\/Modelagem 88881.148662\/2017-01"]}]},{"name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES, Brazil)","award":["216087\/Z\/19\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["216087\/Z\/19\/Z"]}]},{"name":"Wellcome Trust","award":["CAPES\/Modelagem 88881.148662\/2017-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAPES\/Modelagem 88881.148662\/2017-01"]}]},{"name":"Wellcome Trust","award":["216087\/Z\/19\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["216087\/Z\/19\/Z"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, we report the ongoing implementation of online-coupled aerosol\u2013cloud microphysical\u2013radiation interactions in the Brazilian global atmospheric model (BAM) and evaluate the initial results, using remote-sensing data for JFM 2014 and JAS 2019. Rather than developing a new aerosol model, which incurs significant overheads in terms of fundamental research and workforce, a simplified aerosol module from a preexisting global aerosol\u2013chemistry\u2013climate model is adopted. The aerosol module is based on a modal representation and comprises a suite of aerosol microphysical processes. Mass and number mixing ratios, along with dry and wet radii, are predicted for black carbon, particulate organic matter, secondary organic aerosols, sulfate, dust, and sea salt aerosols. The module is extended further to include physically based parameterization for aerosol activation, vertical mixing, ice nucleation, and radiative optical properties computations. The simulated spatial patterns of surface mass and number concentrations are similar to those of other studies. The global means of simulated shortwave and longwave cloud radiative forcing are comparable with observations with normalized mean biases \u226411% and \u226430%, respectively. Large positive bias in BAM control simulation is enhanced with the inclusion of aerosols, resulting in strong overprediction of cloud optical properties. Simulated aerosol optical depths over biomass burning regions are moderately comparable. A case study simulating an intense biomass burning episode in the Amazon is able to reproduce the transport of smoke plumes towards the southeast, thus showing a potential for improved forecasts subject to using near-real-time remote-sensing fire products and a fire emission model. Here, we rely completely on remote-sensing data for the present evaluation and restrain from comparing our results with previous results until a complete representation of the aerosol lifecycle is implemented. A further step is to incorporate dry deposition, in-cloud and below-cloud scavenging, sedimentation, the sulfur cycle, and the treatment of fires.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15010278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T02:15:42Z","timestamp":1672798542000},"page":"278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Towards Unified Online-Coupled Aerosol Parameterization for the Brazilian Global Atmospheric Model (BAM): Aerosol\u2013Cloud Microphysical\u2013Radiation Interactions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jayant","family":"Pendharkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Cachoeira Paulista, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2969-1362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvio Nilo","family":"Figueroa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Cachoeira Paulista, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4972-4486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angel","family":"Vara-Vela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"iCLIMATE Aarhus University Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Aarhus University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9927-9926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. Phani Murali","family":"Krishna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune 411008, India"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Schuch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}]},{"given":"Paulo Yoshio","family":"Kubota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Cachoeira Paulista, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, SP, Brazil"}]},{"given":"D\u00e9bora Souza","family":"Alvim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Cachoeira Paulista, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Lorena School of Engineering (EEL), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Lorena 12602-810, SP, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Eder Paulo","family":"Vendrasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Cachoeira Paulista, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9972-9990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helber Barros","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio 57072-900, AL, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Nobre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Cachoeira Paulista, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2872-8453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dirceu Lu\u00eds","family":"Herdies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Cachoeira Paulista, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, SP, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1029\/1999RG000078","article-title":"Estimates of the direct and indirect radiative forcing due to tropospheric aerosols\u2013A review","volume":"38","author":"Haywood","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev. 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