{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T15:37:23Z","timestamp":1782142643566,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020R1I1A2075417"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1I1A2075417"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2022R1A2C1008132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022R1A2C1008132"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Korean government (MSIT)","award":["2020R1I1A2075417"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1I1A2075417"]}]},{"name":"Korean government (MSIT)","award":["NRF-2022R1A2C1008132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022R1A2C1008132"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vertical mixing in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) is an important factor in the prediction of particulate matter (PM) concentrations; however, PBL height (PBLH) in the stable atmosphere remains poorly understood. In particular, the assessment of uncertainties related to nocturnal PBLH (nPBLH) is challenging due to the absence of stable atmosphere observations. In this study, we explored nPBLH\u2013PM2.5 interactions by comparing model results and observations during the Korea\u2013United States Air Quality Study (KORUS-AQ) campaign (1\u201331 May 2016). Remote sensing measurements (e.g., aerosol and wind Doppler lidar) and on-line WRF-Chem modeling results were used by applying three different PBL parameterizations: Yonsei University (YSU), Mellor\u2013Yamada\u2013Janjic (MYJ), and Asymmetrical Convective Model v2 (ACM2). Our results indicated that the uncertainties of PBLH\u2013PM interactions were not large in daytime, whereas the uncertainties of nPBLH\u2013PM2.5 interactions were significant. All WRF-Chem experiments showed a clear tendency to underestimate nighttime nPBLH by a factor of ~3 compared with observations, and shallow nPBLH clearly led to extremely high PM2.5 peaks during the night. These uncertainties associated with nPBLH and nPBLH\u2013PM2.5 simulations suggest that PM2.5 peaks predicted from nighttime or next-morning nPBLH simulations should be interpreted with caution. Additionally, we discuss uncertainties among PBL parameterization schemes in relation to PM2.5 simulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15020300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T02:00:57Z","timestamp":1672884057000},"page":"300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Nocturnal Boundary Layer Height Uncertainty in Particulate Matter Simulations during the KORUS-AQ Campaign"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3943-2671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyo-Jung","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46242, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Environmental Studies, Pusan National University, Busan 46242, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun-Young","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Studies, Pusan National University, Busan 46242, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong-Min","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46242, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0421-671X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juseon","family":"Bak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Studies, Pusan National University, Busan 46242, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0551-5129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moon-Soo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Climate and Environment, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung-Kwon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Jin","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2967-4987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheol-Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46242, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Environmental Studies, Pusan National University, Busan 46242, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4639","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(01)00124-8","article-title":"Characterisation of PM10 and PM2.5 particulate matter in the ambient air of Milan (Italy)","volume":"35","author":"Marcazzan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Atmos. 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