{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T12:26:58Z","timestamp":1763468818351,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFC1523401","2022CMG03006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC1523401","2022CMG03006"]}]},{"name":"Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region\u2019s 2022 Science and Technology Benefiting the People Project","award":["2021YFC1523401","2022CMG03006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC1523401","2022CMG03006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Grotto rock structure detection is precondition of the grotto protection and restoration. As a stable and non-destructive geophysical method, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is extensively used to detect the geological structure of the grottoes. However, the traditional ERT measurement scheme is challenging to satisfy the requirements of high accuracy and high resolution in the cliff region. Therefore, we propose a new borehole-to-surface-to-cliff ERT (BSC-ERT) scheme for grotto detection. The sensitivity patterns of five ERT schemes using three configurations (A-MN array, AB-MN array, and AM-BN array) are tested to show the detection capability of different configurations. Two numerical experiments show that the combination of borehole-to-surface ERT (BS-ERT) and surface-to-cliff ERT (SC-ERT) schemes using AM-BN array have better imaging effects and a more reasonable detection range, which is recommended to be implemented for future work. In addition, the numerical experiment also proves that the symmetric effect generated in the AM-BN array in BS-ERT scheme can be suppressed with the combination of the SC-ERT scheme.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15020311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T03:12:15Z","timestamp":1672888335000},"page":"311","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A New Electrical Resistivity Tomography Scheme of Borehole-to-Surface-to-Cliff Detection and Imaging for Grotto Rock Structure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1058-6650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiahe","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, 938 Ximinzhu Street, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaofa","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, 938 Ximinzhu Street, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Australia, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baizhou","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, 938 Ximinzhu Street, Changchun 130026, China"},{"name":"Ningxia Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration Institute (Autonomous Regional Deep Earth Exploration Center), Yinchuan 750001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lige","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, 938 Ximinzhu Street, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianwei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, 938 Ximinzhu Street, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7960-176X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, 938 Ximinzhu Street, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"594","article-title":"Geological Protection Project of the Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang","volume":"155","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. 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