{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T15:10:58Z","timestamp":1774278658903,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Special Project of China\u2019s National Key R&amp;D Program","award":["2021YFB3901301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB3901301"]}]},{"name":"Key Special Project of China\u2019s National Key R&amp;D Program","award":["2022XKT0072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022XKT0072"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research and Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Normal University","award":["2021YFB3901301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB3901301"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research and Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Normal University","award":["2022XKT0072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022XKT0072"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Net ecosystem productivity (NEP) is an important indicator for estimating regional carbon sources\/sinks. The study focuses on a comprehensive computational simulation and spatiotemporal variation study of the NEP in the Yellow River basin from 2000 to 2020 using NPP data products from MODIS combined with a quantitative NEP estimation model followed by a comprehensive analysis of the spatiotemporal variation characteristics and dynamic procession persistence analysis based on meteorological data and land use data. The results show that: (1) The total NEP in the Yellow River basin had an overall increasing trend from 2000 to 2020, with a Theil\u2013Sen trend from \u221223.37 to 43.66 gCm\u22122a\u22121 and a mean increase of 4.64 gCm\u22122a\u22121 (p &lt; 0.01, 2-tailed). (2) Most areas of the Yellow River basin are carbon sink areas, and the annual average NEP per unit area was 208.56 gCm\u22122a\u22121 from 2000 to 2020. There were, however, substantial spatial and temporal variations in the NEP. Most of the carbon source area was located in the Kubuqi Desert and its surroundings. (3) Changes in land use patterns were the main cause of changes in regional NEP. During the 2000\u20132020 period, 1154.24 t of NEP were added, mainly due to changes in land use, e.g., the conversion of farmland to forests and grasslands. (4) The future development in 83.43% of the area is uncertain according to the Hurst index dynamic persistence analysis. In conclusion, although the carbon\u2212sink capacity of the terrestrial ecosystem in the Yellow River basin is increasing and the regional carbon sink potential is increasing in the future, the future development of new energy resources has regional uncertainties, and the stability of the basin ecosystem needs to be enhanced.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15020323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T05:29:48Z","timestamp":1672896588000},"page":"323","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Spatiotemporal Variation Characteristics and Dynamic Persistence Analysis of Carbon Sources\/Sinks in the Yellow River Basin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2317-1705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Geomatics, and Planning, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4795-9975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changming","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Geomatics, and Planning, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Geomatics, and Planning, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0394-7972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Dehu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Geomatics, and Planning, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9314-3603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yakui","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Forestry Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4851","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802680552","article-title":"Modelling net primary productivity of terrestrial ecosystems in East Asia based on an improved CASA ecosystem model","volume":"30","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2413","article-title":"Future productivity and carbon storage limited by terrestrial nutrient availability","volume":"8","author":"Wieder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145648","article-title":"Quantifying the contributions of human activities and climate change to vegetation net primary productivity dynamics in China from 2001 to 2016","volume":"773","author":"Ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0706.2002.970315.x","article-title":"Biodiversity and ecosystem productivity: Implications for carbon storage","volume":"97","author":"Catovsky","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.2002.00492.x","article-title":"An initial intercomparison of micrometeorological and ecological inventory estimates of carbon exchange in a mid-latitude deciduous forest","volume":"8","author":"Ehman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"GB2013","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GB003586","article-title":"Potential origins of 400\u2013500 kyr periodicities in the ocean carbon cycle: A box model approach","volume":"24","author":"Russon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L18401","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GL048753","article-title":"Long-term direct CO2 flux measurements over a boreal lake: Five years of eddy covariance data","volume":"38","author":"Huotari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5194970","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5194970","article-title":"A Carbon Cycle Model for the Social-Ecological Process in Coastal Wetland: A Case Study on Gouqi Island, East China","volume":"2017","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientifica"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecocom.2013.12.002","article-title":"Modeling the grazing effect on dry grassland carbon cycling with Biome-BGC model","volume":"17","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Complex."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3233","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-15-3233-2022","article-title":"Development of an open-source regional data assimilation system in PEcAn v. 1.7.2: Application to carbon cycle reanalysis across the contiguous US using SIPNET","volume":"15","author":"Dokoohaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-007-0049-1","article-title":"Terrestrial vegetation carbon sinks in China, 1981\u20132000","volume":"50","author":"Fang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sci. China Ser. D-Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2011.09.012","article-title":"Ecological controls on net ecosystem productivity of a seasonally dry annual grassland under current and future climates: Modelling with ecosys","volume":"152","author":"Grant","year":"2012","journal-title":"Agr. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014003","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aaec95","article-title":"Interannual variability of terrestrial net ecosystem productivity over China: Regional contributions and climate attribution","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G04010","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JG001586","article-title":"Modeling the effects of hydrology on gross primary productivity and net ecosystem productivity at Mer Bleue bog","volume":"116","author":"Dimitrov","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G04006","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JG001010","article-title":"Seasonal hydrology explains interannual and seasonal variation in carbon and water exchange in a semiarid mature ponderosa pine forest in central Oregon","volume":"114","author":"Thomas","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1007\/s11284-017-1497-5","article-title":"Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) forests as a significant carbon sink? A case study based on 4-year measurements in central Taiwan","volume":"32","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2011.07.020","article-title":"Assessing the uncertainty of estimated annual totals of net ecosystem productivity: A practical approach applied to a mid latitude temperate pine forest","volume":"151","author":"Elbers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Agric. Forest Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2015.10.004","article-title":"Sensitivity of modeled NEP to climate forcing and soil at site and regional scales: Implications for upscaling ecosystem models","volume":"320","author":"Mekonnen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2012.08.009","article-title":"Impacts of climate and CO2 changes on the vegetation growth and carbon balance of Qinghai-Tibetan grasslands over the past five decades","volume":"98\u201399","author":"Piao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s11027-010-9228-z","article-title":"Evaluating climate impacts on carbon balance of the terrestrial ecosystems in the Midwest of the United States with a process-based ecosystem model","volume":"15","author":"Lu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Chang."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Hao, X., Hao, H., Fan, X., and Li, Y. (2021). Climate Change Decreased Net Ecosystem Productivity in the Arid Region of Central Asia. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13214449"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2016.09.004","article-title":"Effects of warming and increased precipitation on net ecosystem productivity: A long-term manipulative experiment in a semiarid grassland","volume":"232","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156788","article-title":"Multi-factor decomposition and multi-scenario prediction decoupling analysis of China\u2019s carbon emission under dual carbon goal","volume":"841","author":"Hao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, X.Y., Xia, H.M., Pan, L., Song, H.Q., Niu, W.H., Wang, R.M., Li, R.M., Bian, X.Q., Guo, Y., and Qin, Y.C. (2021). Drought Monitoring over Yellow River Basin from 2003-2019 Using Reconstructed MODIS Land Surface Temperature in Google Earth Engine. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13183748"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1220","article-title":"Identification of Degradation Areas of Ecological Environment and Degradation Intensity Assessment in the Yellow River Basin","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-018-6747-7","article-title":"Monitoring tidal flat dynamics affected by human activities along an eroded coast in the Yellow River Delta, China","volume":"190","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845824","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2022.845824","article-title":"Impacts of Permafrost Degradation on Hydrology and Vegetation in the Source Area of the Yellow River on Northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Southwest China","volume":"10","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, Z.T., Chang, J., and Huang, Y. (2022). Multiscale Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Soil Erosion and Its Influencing Factors in the Yellow River Basin. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14172658"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03125","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.3125","article-title":"Ecosystem-scale carbon allocation among different land uses: Implications for carbon stocks in the Yellow River Delta","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, C.M., Zhang, X., and Huang, Q.H. (2018). Four Decades of Estuarine Wetland Changes in the Yellow River Delta Based on Landsat Observations Between 1973 and 2013. Water, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/w10070933"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, J.J., Kou, L., Wang, H.T., He, X.Y., Xiong, Z.H., Liu, C.Q., and Cui, H. (2022). Carbon Emission Prediction Model and Analysis in the Yellow River Basin Based on a Machine Learning Method. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14106153"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2022.949564","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Variations of Vegetation Net Primary Productivity and Its Response to Meteorological Factors Across the Yellow River Basin During the Period 1981\u20132020","volume":"10","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bu, X.Y., Cui, D., Dong, S.C., Mi, W.B., Li, Y., Li, Z.G., and Feng, Y.L. (2020). Effects of Wetland Restoration and Conservation Projects on Soil Carbon Sequestration in the Ningxia Basin of the Yellow River in China from 2000 to 2015. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su122410284"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2014.07.031","article-title":"Spatio-temporal analysis of vegetation variation in the Yellow River Basin","volume":"51","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.06.031","article-title":"Google Earth Engine: Planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone","volume":"202","author":"Gorelick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-11-1931-2019","article-title":"1 km monthly temperature and precipitation dataset for China from 1901 to 2017","volume":"11","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3907","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-13-3907-2021","article-title":"The 30 m annual land cover dataset and its dynamics in China from 1990 to 2019","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7909.2009.00813.x","article-title":"Carbon Balance in an Alpine Steppe in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"51","author":"Pei","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Integr. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"173","article-title":"A rank-invariant method of linear and polynomial regression analysis","volume":"12","author":"Theil","year":"1950","journal-title":"Indag. Math."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1968.10480934","article-title":"Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall\u2019s tau","volume":"63","author":"Sen","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-003-0022-7","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variability of winter and summer precipitation over Serbia and Montenegro","volume":"77","year":"2004","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1170","article-title":"Advance and evaluation in the long time series vegetation trends research based on remote sensing","volume":"13","author":"Cai","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Black, R.P., Simaika, Y.M., and Hurst, H.E. (1965). Long-Term Storage, an Experimental Study, Constable."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.18307\/2011.0320","article-title":"Long-term trend and persistence of precipitation over Lake Poyang basin since 1950s","volume":"23","author":"Huo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Lake Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1126\/science.199.4325.141","article-title":"The biota and the world carbon budget","volume":"199","author":"Woodwell","year":"1978","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"GB1007","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GB003838","article-title":"China\u2019s terrestrial carbon balance: Contributions from multiple global change factors","volume":"25","author":"Tian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"5121","article-title":"Temporal and spatial distribution of net ecosystem productivity in the Bailongjiang Watershed of Gansu Province","volume":"15","author":"Gong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Ecolofica Sin."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1","article-title":"Estimation of vegetation net primary productivity and carbon sink in western Jilin province based on CASA model","volume":"27","author":"Tang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Arid. Land Resour. Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"164","article-title":"Temporal-spatial variations of carbon sink\/source in Northeast China from 2000 to 2020","volume":"04","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. East China Norm. Univ."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"7718","article-title":"Estimation and spatial-temporal characteristics of carbon sink in the arid region of northwest China","volume":"35","author":"Pan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"8","article-title":"Spatial-temporal change of carbon storage and carbon sink of grassland ecosystem in the Three-River Headwaters Region based on MODIS GPP\/NPP data","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Zhao, W., and Zhang, Y. (2022). The Change in Net Ecosystem Productivity and its Driving Mechanism in a Mountain Ecosystem of Arid Regions, Northwest China. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14164046"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"e01947","article-title":"Contributions of climate change and human activities to vegetation dynamics in Qilian Mountain National Park, northwest China","volume":"32","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, G., Shao, Q., Fan, J., Ning, J., Rong, K., Huang, H., Liu, S.C., Zhang, X.Y., Niu, L., and Liu, J. (2022). Change Trend and Restoration Potential of Vegetation Net Primary Productivity in China over the Past 20 Years. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14071634"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-8238.2008.00442.x","article-title":"Global pattern of NPP to GPP ratio derived from MODIS data: Effects of ecosystem type, geographical location and climate","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Lin, G., Jiang, D., Fu, J., and Wang, Y. (2022). Spatiotemporal Evolution Characteristics and the Climatic Response of Carbon Sources and Sinks in the Chinese Grassland Ecosystem from 2010 to 2020. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14148461"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.02.017","article-title":"Evaluation of MODIS NPP and GPP products across multiple biomes","volume":"102","author":"Turner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2007.02237.x","article-title":"Water-mediated responses of ecosystem carbon fluxes to climatic change in a temperate steppe","volume":"177","author":"Niu","year":"2008","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2011.02611.x","article-title":"Impact of precipitation dynamics on net ecosystem productivity","volume":"18","author":"Parton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Watson, R.T., Noble, I.R., Bolin, B., Ravindranath, N.H., Verardo, D.J., and Dokken, D.J. (2000). Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry: A Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2012.06.006","article-title":"Carbon emissions and the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in the tropics","volume":"4","author":"Houghton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2010.10.001","article-title":"Potential effects of future land-use change on regional carbon stocks in the UK","volume":"14","author":"Cantarello","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0300-2","article-title":"The tropical forest carbon cycle and climate change","volume":"559","author":"Mitchard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1354-1013.2002.00486.x","article-title":"Soil carbon stocks and land use change: A meta analysis","volume":"8","author":"Guo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"207","article-title":"Modeling and regional assessment of soil carbon: A case study of the Conservation Reserve Program","volume":"57","author":"Paustian","year":"2001","journal-title":"SSSA Spec. Publ."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2009.08.006","article-title":"UK land use and soil carbon sequestration","volume":"26","author":"Ostle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Lieth, H., and Whittaker, R.H. (2012). Primary Productivity of the Biosphere, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Running, S.W., and Hunt, E.R. (1993). Generalization of a forest ecosystem process model for other biomes, BIOME\u2212BCG, and an application for global-scale models. Scaling Physiological Processes: Leaf to Globe, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-233440-5.50014-2"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2010.03245.x","article-title":"Hydraulic redistribution of soil water by roots affects whole-stand evapotranspiration and net ecosystem carbon exchange","volume":"187","author":"Domec","year":"2010","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2006.01.005","article-title":"Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks as affected by topographic aspect and vegetation in the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia","volume":"135","author":"Yimer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06444","article-title":"Net carbon dioxide losses of northern ecosystems in response to autumn warming","volume":"451","author":"Piao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/2\/323\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T17:59:55Z","timestamp":1760119195000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/2\/323"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15020323"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15020323","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]}}}