{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T19:19:04Z","timestamp":1775157544773,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41905019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41905019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61827901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61827901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021LASW-A01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021LASW-A01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18JR2RA005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18JR2RA005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Open Grants of the State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather","award":["41905019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41905019"]}]},{"name":"Open Grants of the State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather","award":["61827901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61827901"]}]},{"name":"Open Grants of the State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather","award":["2021LASW-A01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021LASW-A01"]}]},{"name":"Open Grants of the State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather","award":["18JR2RA005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18JR2RA005"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Science and Technology Program","award":["41905019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41905019"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Science and Technology Program","award":["61827901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61827901"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Science and Technology Program","award":["2021LASW-A01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021LASW-A01"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Science and Technology Program","award":["18JR2RA005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18JR2RA005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, the quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) capability of three X-band dual-polarization phased array radars (PAR) in Guangzhou, South China, was demonstrated, with an S-band operational dual-polarization radar as the benchmark. Rainfall rate (R) estimators based on the specific differential phase (KDP) for summer precipitation for both X-band and S-band radars were derived from the raindrop size distributions (DSDs) observed by a 2-dimensional video disdrometer (2DVD) in South China. Rainfall estimates from the radars were evaluated with gauge observations in three events, including pre-summer rainfall, typhoon precipitation, and local severe convective precipitation. Observational results showed that radar echoes from the X-band PARs suffered much more severely from attenuation than those from the S-band radar. Compared to S-band observations, the X-band echoes can disappear when the signal-to-noise ratio drops to a certain level due to severe attenuation, resulting in different estimated rainfall areas for X- and S-band radars. The attenuation corrected by KDP had good consistency with S-band observations, but the accuracy of attenuation correction was affected by DSD uncertainty and may vary in different types of precipitation. The QPE results demonstrated that the R(KDP) estimator produced better rainfall accumulations from the X-band PAR observations compared to the S-band observations. For both the X-band and S-band radars, the estimates of hourly accumulated rainfall became more accurate in heavier rainfall, due to the decreases of both the DSD uncertainty and the impact of measurement errors. In the heavy precipitation area, the estimation accuracy of the X-band radar was high, and the overestimation of the S-band radar was obvious. Through the analysis of the ZH-ZDR distribution in the three weather events, it was found that the X-band PAR with the capability of high spatiotemporal observations can capture minute-level changes in the microphysical characteristics, which help improve the estimation accuracy of ground rainfall.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15020359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T04:47:08Z","timestamp":1673239628000},"page":"359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Study on the Quantitative Precipitation Estimation of X-Band Dual-Polarization Phased Array Radar from Specific Differential Phase"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Guo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Land Surface Process and Climate Change in Cold and Arid Regions, Technology Service Center, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Pingliang Land Surface Process and Severe Weather Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pingliang 744015, China"},{"name":"Gansu Land Surface Process & Severe Weather Observation and Research Station, Pingliang 744015, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3998-9074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Mesoscale Severe Weather\/MOE and School of Atmospheric Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Land Surface Process and Climate Change in Cold and Arid Regions, Technology Service Center, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Pingliang Land Surface Process and Severe Weather Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pingliang 744015, China"},{"name":"Gansu Land Surface Process & Severe Weather Observation and Research Station, Pingliang 744015, China"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Mesoscale Severe Weather\/MOE and School of Atmospheric Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Zhengwei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Mesoscale Severe Weather\/MOE and School of Atmospheric Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Transportation Meteorology of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing Joint Institute for Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing 210041, China"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Meteorological Observatory, Guangzhou 511430, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1976)015<0069:PUORDR>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Potential Use of Radar Differential Reflectivity Measurements at Orthogonal Polarizations for Measuring Precipitation","volume":"15","author":"Seliga","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. 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