{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T00:46:41Z","timestamp":1774745201119,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31870534"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31870534"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["59257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["59257"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"China EU Science and Technology Cooperation Phase V","award":["31870534"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31870534"]}]},{"name":"China EU Science and Technology Cooperation Phase V","award":["59257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["59257"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Under the strong influence of climate change and human activities, the frequency and intensity of disturbance events in the forest ecosystem both show significant increasing trends. Pine wood nematode (Bursapherenchus xylophilus, PWN) is one of the major alien invasive species in China, which has rapidly infected the forest and spread. In recent years, its tendency has been to spread from south to north, causing serious losses to Pinus and non-Pinus coniferous forests. It is urgent to carry out remote sensing monitoring and prediction of pine wilt disease (PWD). Taking Anhui Province as the study area, we applied ground survey, satellite-borne optical remote sensing imagery and environmental factor statistics, relying on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform to build a new vegetation index NDFI based on time-series Landsat images to extract coniferous forest information and used a random forest classification algorithm to build a monitoring model of the PWD infection stage. The results show that the proposed NDFI differentiation threshold classification method can accurately extract the coniferous forest range, with the overall accuracy of 87.75%. The overall accuracy of the PWD monitoring model based on random forest classification reaches 81.67%, and the kappa coefficient is 0.622. High temperature and low humidity are conducive to the survival of PWN, which aggravates the occurrence of PWD. Under the background of global warming, the degree of PWD in Anhui Province has gradually increased, and has transferred from the southwest and south to the middle and northeast. Our results show that PWD monitoring and prediction at a regional scale can be realized by using long time-series multi-source remote sensing data, NDFI index can accurately extract coniferous forest information and grasp disease information in a timely manner, which is crucial for effective monitoring and control of PWD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15020360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T04:47:08Z","timestamp":1673239628000},"page":"360","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Remote Sensing Monitoring of Pine Wilt Disease Based on Time-Series Remote Sensing Index"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Lin","family":"Long","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Forestry, Forestry College, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Forestry, Forestry College, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Shaojun","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Foreign Languages, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7443-1557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Forestry, Forestry College, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2112-1031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Forestry, Forestry College, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4704-5818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yagang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Institute of Investigation and Planning, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Hangzhou 310019, China"}]},{"given":"Gao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lu\u2019an Forestry Bureau of Anhui Province, Lu\u2019an 237000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"59","article-title":"Research advances of pine wood nematode disease in China","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"World For. 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