{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T02:06:41Z","timestamp":1773022001690,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,8]],"date-time":"2023-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars","award":["41825011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41825011"]}]},{"name":"National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars","award":["41905117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41905117"]}]},{"name":"National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars","award":["42105138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42105138"]}]},{"name":"National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars","award":["42175153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42175153"]}]},{"name":"National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars","award":["42030608"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42030608"]}]},{"name":"National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars","award":["42275195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42275195"]}]},{"name":"National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars","award":["2021Y002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021Y002"]}]},{"name":"National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars","award":["ANR-LABX-0005-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-LABX-0005-01"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41825011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41825011"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41905117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41905117"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42105138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42105138"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42175153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42175153"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42030608"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42030608"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42275195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42275195"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021Y002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021Y002"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["ANR-LABX-0005-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-LABX-0005-01"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences","award":["41825011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41825011"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences","award":["41905117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41905117"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences","award":["42105138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42105138"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences","award":["42175153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42175153"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences","award":["42030608"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42030608"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences","award":["42275195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42275195"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences","award":["2021Y002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021Y002"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences","award":["ANR-LABX-0005-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-LABX-0005-01"]}]},{"name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","award":["41825011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41825011"]}]},{"name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","award":["41905117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41905117"]}]},{"name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","award":["42105138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42105138"]}]},{"name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","award":["42175153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42175153"]}]},{"name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","award":["42030608"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42030608"]}]},{"name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","award":["42275195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42275195"]}]},{"name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","award":["2021Y002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021Y002"]}]},{"name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","award":["ANR-LABX-0005-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-LABX-0005-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aerosol optical property products of Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2) reanalysis dataset have been extensively investigated on a global or regional scale. However, the understanding of MERRA-2 aerosol component products on an extensive temporal and spatial scale is inadequate. Recently, the aerosol component products have been derived from the observations of Polarization and Directionality of the Earth\u2019s Reflectances\/Polarization and Anisotropy of Reflectance for Atmospheric Science coupled with observations from a Lidar (POLDER\/PARASOL). This study presents a quantitative evaluation of the MERRA-2 reanalysis dust and black carbon (BC) column concentration using independent satellite-based aerosol component concentration retrievals. Both GRASP\/Component and MERRA-2 reanalysis products can capture well the temporal variation in dust column concentration over the dust emission resource and downwind dust-dominated regions with the correlation coefficient (R) varying from 0.80 to 0.98. MERRA-2 reanalysis dust products present higher column concentration than GRASP\/Component dust retrievals with relative differences of about 20~70%, except in the Taklamakan Desert and Bay of Bengal, where the relative differences can be negative. The differences in dust column concentration over the African dust regions are larger than that over the Asian dust regions. Similar temporal variations in BC column concentration are characterized by both GRASP\/Component BC retrievals and MERRA-2 BC products with R of about 0.70~0.90, except in the North China Plain region. We should pay more caution with the regional applicability of MERRA-2 component products when large differences and high correlation coefficients are obtained simultaneously. The results are favorable for identifying the behavior of MERRA-2 reanalysis component estimation in a new view and demonstrate a practical application of the satellite-based component retrievals, which could make more contributions to the improvement of model estimation in the near future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15020388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T04:47:08Z","timestamp":1673239628000},"page":"388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Quantitative Evaluation of Dust and Black Carbon Column Concentration in the MERRA-2 Reanalysis Dataset Using Satellite-Based Component Retrievals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9458-3387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huizheng","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Regional Ecology and Environmental Change, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Xindan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Gui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5991-8014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Hujia","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Atmospheric Environment, Shenyang 110166, China"}]},{"given":"Hengheng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Yuanxin","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Yadong","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Junting","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4392-3230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhili","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaoye","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10949","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-10949-2010","article-title":"A decadal regional and global trend analysis of the aerosol optical depth using a data-assimilation grade over-water MODIS and Level 2 MISR aerosol products","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6881","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-6881-2014","article-title":"Changes in atmospheric aerosol loading retrieved from space-based measurements during the past decade","volume":"14","author":"Yoon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13849","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-13849-2017","article-title":"A study of 15-year aerosol optical thickness and direct shortwave aerosol radiative effect trends using MODIS, MISR, CALIOP and CERES","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10497","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-10497-2019","article-title":"Large contribution of meteorological factors to inter-decadal changes in regional aerosol optical depth","volume":"19","author":"Che","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5063","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-5063-2016","article-title":"Aerosol optical depth trend over the Middle East","volume":"16","author":"Pozzer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.01.192","article-title":"Climatology and trends of aerosol optical depth over the Mediterranean basin during the last 12 years (2002\u20132014) based on Collection 006 MODIS-Aqua data","volume":"551\u2013552","author":"Floutsi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D14S07","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD009661","article-title":"Global aerosol climatology from the MODIS satellite sensors","volume":"113","author":"Remer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2000RG000095","article-title":"Environmental characterization of global sources of atmospheric soil dust identified with the Nimbus 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) absorbing aerosol product","volume":"40","author":"Prospero","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2012RG000388","article-title":"Global-scale attribution of anthropogenic and natural dust sources and their emission rates based on MODIS Deep Blue aerosol products","volume":"50","author":"Ginoux","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13369","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-13369-2021","article-title":"Global dust optical depth climatology derived from CALIOP and MODIS aerosol retrievals on decadal timescales: Regional and interannual variability","volume":"21","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD024092","article-title":"Dust interannual variability and trend in Central Asia from 2000 to 2014 and their climatic linkages","volume":"120","author":"Xi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10229","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD023855","article-title":"Regime shift in arabian dust activity, triggered by persistent fertile crescent drought","volume":"120","author":"Notaro","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4485","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2019.2891338","article-title":"Recent Regime Shifts in Mineral Dust Trends over South Asia from Long-Term CALIPSO Observations","volume":"57","author":"Lakshmi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2709","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-7-2709-2014","article-title":"The impact of aerosol optical depth assimilation on aerosol forecasts and radiative effects during a wild fire event over the United States","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4043","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020937","article-title":"Assimilating aerosol observations with a \u201chybrid\u201d variational-ensemble data assimilation system","volume":"119","author":"Schwartz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1080\/10962247.2015.1096862","article-title":"Development and implementation of a remote-sensing and in situ data-assimilating version of CMAQ for operational PM2.5 forecasting. Part 1: MODIS aerosol optical depth (AOD) data-assimilation design and testing","volume":"65","author":"McHenry","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-12-00246.1","article-title":"The pathfinder atmospheres-extended avhrr climate dataset","volume":"95","author":"Heidinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D10S04","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD004706","article-title":"Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) global aerosol optical depth validation based on 2 years of coincident Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) observations","volume":"110","author":"Kahn","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00031-5","article-title":"AERONET\u2014A Federated Instrument Network and Data Archive for Aerosol Characterization","volume":"66","author":"Holben","year":"1998","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6851","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-16-0613.1","article-title":"The MERRA-2 aerosol reanalysis, 1980 onward. Part II: Evaluation and case studies","volume":"30","author":"Buchard","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6823","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-16-0609.1","article-title":"The MERRA-2 Aerosol Reanalysis, 1980 Onward. Part I: System Description and Data Assimilation Evaluation","volume":"30","author":"Randles","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.11.004","article-title":"Evaluation of the surface PM2.5 in Version 1 of the NASA MERRA Aerosol Reanalysis over the United States","volume":"125","author":"Buchard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5743","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-5743-2015","article-title":"Using the OMI aerosol index and absorption aerosol optical depth to evaluate the NASA MERRA Aerosol Reanalysis","volume":"15","author":"Buchard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.02.034","article-title":"Assessment of the MACC reanalysis and its influence as chemical boundary conditions for regional air quality modeling in AQMEII-2","volume":"115","author":"Giordano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-2045-2013","article-title":"Estimates of aerosol radiative forcing from the MACC re-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Bellouin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3282","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL059918","article-title":"Impact of assimilated and interactive aerosol on tropical cyclogenesis","volume":"41","author":"Reale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4073","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-4073-2013","article-title":"The MACC reanalysis: An 8 yr data set of atmospheric composition","volume":"13","author":"Inness","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-1815-2006","article-title":"An AeroCom initial assessment\u2014Optical properties in aerosol component modules of global models","volume":"6","author":"Kinne","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-1777-2006","article-title":"Analysis and quantification of the diversities of aerosol life cycles within AeroCom","volume":"6","author":"Textor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41612-020-00159-2","article-title":"Incorrect Asian aerosols affecting the attribution and projection of regional climate change in CMIP6 models","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Clim. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13265","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-13265-2018","article-title":"Changes in the aerosol direct radiative forcing from 2001 to 2015: Observational constraints and regional mechanisms","volume":"18","author":"Paulot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3624","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-11-00015.1","article-title":"MERRA: NASA\u2019s modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications","volume":"24","author":"Rienecker","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-8-1339-2015","article-title":"Development of the GEOS-5 atmospheric general circulation model: Evolution from MERRA to MERRA2","volume":"8","author":"Molod","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2905","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(2002)130<2905:TDVAWS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Three-dimensional variational analysis with spatially inhomogeneous covariances","volume":"130","author":"Wu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5419","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-16-0758.1","article-title":"The modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications, version 2 (MERRA-2)","volume":"30","author":"Gelaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2002)059<0461:TAOTFT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Tropospheric Aerosol Optical Thickness from the GOCART Model and Comparisons with Satellite and Sun Photometer Measurements","volume":"59","author":"Chin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D14207","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD012820","article-title":"Online simulations of global aerosol distributions in the NASA GEOS-4 model and comparisons to satellite and ground-based aerosol optical depth","volume":"115","author":"Colarco","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-4-1383-2011","article-title":"Remote sensing of aerosols by using polarized, directional and spectral measurements within the A-Train: The PARASOL mission","volume":"4","author":"Dubovik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"3439","article-title":"Climatology of aerosol component concentrations derived from multi-angular polarimetric POLDER-3 observations using GRASP algorithm. Earth Syst","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13409","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-13409-2019","article-title":"Retrieval of aerosol components directly from satellite and ground-based measurements","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"4100","article-title":"Interannual and seasonal variability of biomass burning emissions constrained by satellite observations","volume":"D2","author":"Duncan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16499","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-16499-2021","article-title":"15-Year Variability of Desert Dust Optical Depth on Global and Regional Scales","volume":"21","author":"Logothetis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.111913","article-title":"Retrievals of fine mode light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols from POLDER\/PARASOL observations over East and South Asia","volume":"247","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2013.11.007","article-title":"The global distribution of mineral dust and its impacts on the climate system: A review","volume":"138","author":"Choobari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1089915","article-title":"African Droughts and Dust Transport to the Caribbean: Climate Change Implications","volume":"302","author":"Prospero","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-12-00142.1","article-title":"Understanding the transport and impact of African dust on the Caribbean Basin","volume":"94","author":"Prospero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"D05202","article-title":"African dust outbreaks: A satellite perspective of temporal and spatial variability over the tropical Atlantic Ocean","volume":"115","author":"Jingfeng","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D16203","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006569","article-title":"Saharan dust intrusions in the Mediterranean area: Three years of Raman lidar measurements","volume":"111","author":"Mona","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8609","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-8609-2016","article-title":"Mediterranean intense desert dust outbreaks and their vertical structure based on remote sensing data","volume":"16","author":"Gkikas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5521","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-5521-2015","article-title":"AOD trends during 2001\u20132010 from observations and model simulations","volume":"15","author":"Pozzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JD022611","article-title":"Climatic controls on the interannual to decadal variability in Saudi Arabian dust activity: Toward the development of a seasonal dust prediction model","volume":"120","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3553","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-22-3553-2022","article-title":"Quantification of the dust optical depth across spatiotemporal scales with the MIDAS global dataset (2003\u20132017)","volume":"22","author":"Gkikas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17149","article-title":"The past, present and future of African dust","volume":"531","author":"Evan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7621","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-16-0776.1","article-title":"Impacts of Saharan dust on Atlantic regional climate and implications for tropical cyclones","volume":"31","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15357","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-15357-2020","article-title":"Revisiting the relationship between Atlantic dust and tropical cyclone activity using aerosol optical depth reanalyses: 2003\u20132018","volume":"20","author":"Xian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"11231","article-title":"The transatlantic dust transport from North Africa to the Americas\u2014Its characteristics and source regions","volume":"120","author":"Wernli","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1002\/2013GB004802","article-title":"Characterizing the annual cycle of African dust transport to the Caribbean Basin and South America and its impact on the environment and air quality","volume":"28","author":"Prospero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Global Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D03201","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006502","article-title":"Dust and the low-level circulation over the Bod\u00e9l\u00e9 Depression, Chad: Observations from BoDEx 2005. J","volume":"111","author":"Washington","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12135","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-12135-2013","article-title":"The regime of intense desert dust episodes in the Mediterranean based on contemporary satellite observations and ground measurements","volume":"13","author":"Gkikas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2466","article-title":"Atmospheric circulation evolution related to desert-dust episodes over the Mediterranean","volume":"141","author":"Gkikas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144860","article-title":"Drivers to dust emissions over dust belt from 1980 to 2018 and their variation in two global warming phases","volume":"767","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/2\/388\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:03:32Z","timestamp":1760119412000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/2\/388"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,8]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15020388"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15020388","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,8]]}}}