{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T09:56:26Z","timestamp":1766138186768,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDA19030201","2017YFA0604701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA19030201","2017YFA0604701"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["XDA19030201","2017YFA0604701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA19030201","2017YFA0604701"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["XDA19030201","2017YFA0604701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA19030201","2017YFA0604701"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Land degradation threatens ecosystems and socio-economic development of Southern Africa. Evaluation of land degradation is widely conducted using a remote-sensed indicator to provide key information for alleviating degradation. However, the commonly used single indicator cannot reveal complex degradation processes. In this study, we conducted an integrated evaluation by utilizing linear regression, residual trend analysis, and sequential regression methods to detect visible, potential human-induced, and functional land degradation in Southern Africa. The results showed that visible, potential, and functional land degradation accounted for 8%, 9.6%, and 21.9% of the entire study area, respectively. In total, 34% (171.96 \u00d7 104 km2) of the region exhibited one or more forms of land degradation; 28.9% (146.01 \u00d7 104 km2) of the land experienced a single land degradation type, whereas 5.1% (25.95 \u00d7 104 km2) exhibited intensified degradation by two or three forms. Land degradation was more severe in South Africa, Angola, Botswana, and Mozambique. Potential degradation (11.76%) and functional degradation (56.88%) may co-exist with vegetation greening. This study suggests that a single indicator assessment underestimates the overall land degradation, and thus integrated indicators and methods are better for a comprehensive assessment. Spatial pattern and degradation process analyses are useful for the formulation of land restoration policies in Southern Africa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15020403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T01:57:48Z","timestamp":1673315868000},"page":"403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Discrimination among Climate, Human Activities, and Ecosystem Functional-Induced Land Degradation in Southern Africa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zidong","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Institute of Land Surface System and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7297-9658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changjia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Institute of Land Surface System and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Dexin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Institute of Land Surface System and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Institute of Land Surface System and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, July 10). 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