{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T19:42:35Z","timestamp":1780515755369,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U20A2098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A2098"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1903"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Environmental Monitoring Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["U20A2098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A2098"]}]},{"name":"Environmental Monitoring Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["1903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1903"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The climate effect and environmental pollution caused by dust discharged into the atmosphere have attracted much attention. However, the driving factors of dust emissions have not been studied thoroughly. Here, spatiotemporal variations in dust emissions and the relationship between dust emissions and large-scale atmospheric circulation in East Asia from 2000 to 2021 were investigated using Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications version 2, Cloud-Aerosol Lidar Pathfinder Satellite Observations, ERA5 reanalysis data, and climate indices. Results showed that the Taklimakan Desert in the Tarim Basin, the Gurbantonggut Desert in the Junggar Basin, the Turpan Basin, and the Gobi Desert in western Inner Mongolia and southern Mongolia are the main sources of dust emissions in East Asia. The period of strong dust emissions is from March to May, and emissions to the atmosphere were mainly distributed at 0\u20134 km in the troposphere. In the eastern and southwestern Tarim Basin, northern Junggar Basin, and parts of the Gobi Desert in southern Mongolia, dust emissions have significantly increased over the past 22 years, whereas in the southwestern Tibetan Plateau, southwestern Inner Mongolia, and a small part of the northern Mongolian Gobi Desert there was a significant decreasing trend. The winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Arctic Oscillation (AO) were significantly negatively correlated with East Asian dust emissions the following spring. The various phases of the AO\/NAO coupling have clear different effects on East Asian dust emissions in the spring. When the AO\/NAO coupling was negative (positive), the East Asian trough and Siberian High were strengthened (weakened), the frequency of cold air activity increased (weakened), 800 hPa wind speed strengthened (weakened), and East Asian emissions increased (decreased). In AO\u2212\/NAO+ years, the Asian polar vortex was stronger to the south and the East Asian trough was stronger to the west. The Lake Baikal trough was in the deepening phase, which caused more polar cold air to move into East Asia, aggravating the intensity of dust activity. In the AO+\/NAO\u2212 years, the Siberian High and East Asian trough weakened, which was unfavorable to the southward movement of cold air from Siberia. Therefore, the frequency of windy weather in East Asia decreased, partly weakening dust emissions. However, a positive geopotential anomaly in northeast China and a negative geopotential anomaly in South Asia triggered an anomalous enhancement in easterly wind in the tropospheric area over northwest China. Strengthening of the Balkhash trough provides favorable conditions for gale weather in northwest China. The frequency of gale weather increased, and dust emissions were enhanced in northwest China.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15020410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T01:57:48Z","timestamp":1673315868000},"page":"410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Driving Factors of Dust Emissions in East Asia (2000\u20132021)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9933-0725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ning","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9429-6305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4032-8759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongming","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenzheng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1002\/2015RG000500","article-title":"Aerosol and monsoon climate interactions over Asia","volume":"54","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-016-9051-0","article-title":"Comparison of dust emissions, transport, and deposition between the Taklimakan Desert and Gobi Desert from 2007 to 2011","volume":"60","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18167","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900668","article-title":"Interactive soil dust aerosol model in the GISS GCM: 1. Sensitivity of the soil dust cycle to radiative properties of soil dust aerosols","volume":"106","author":"Perlwitz","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2013.11.007","article-title":"The global distribution of mineral dust and its impacts on the climate system: A review","volume":"138","author":"Choobari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12747","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-12747-2018","article-title":"Exploring the first aerosol indirect effect over Southeast Asia using a 10-year collocated MODIS, CALIOP, and model dataset","volume":"18","author":"Ross","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4311","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-019-04788-z","article-title":"Direct and semi-direct radiative effect of North African dust in present and future regional climate simulations","volume":"53","author":"Tsikerdekis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clim. Dynam."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-15-2499-2018","article-title":"Modeling the biogeochemical impact of atmospheric phosphate deposition from desert dust and combustion sources to the Mediterranean Sea","volume":"15","author":"Richon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"L01103","article-title":"Sources of Asian dust and role of climate change versus desertification in Asian dust emission","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2019.04.004","article-title":"Changes of the relationship between spring sand dust frequency and large-scale atmospheric circulation","volume":"226","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6683","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-16-0795.1","article-title":"Dust storms in northern China: Long-term spatiotemporal characteristics and climate controls","volume":"30","author":"Guan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD029239","article-title":"Possible influence of the Antarctic oscillation on haze pollution in North China","volume":"124","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2016.10.014","article-title":"Impact of Arctic Oscillation on the East Asian climate: A review","volume":"164","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l18702","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL034886","article-title":"Why do dust storms decrease in northern China concurrently with the recent global warming?","volume":"35","author":"Zhu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1360\/03yd0255","article-title":"Analysis on the decadal scale variation of the dust storm in North China","volume":"48","author":"Kang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sci. China D"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-010-9181-5","article-title":"Relationship between East Asian monsoon and dust weather frequency over Beijing","volume":"27","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10325","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900665","article-title":"Spatial and temporal characteristics of dust storms in China and its surrounding regions, 1960\u20131999: Relations to source area and climate","volume":"106","author":"Sun","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI3606.1","article-title":"A simulated climatology of Asian dust aerosol and its trans-Pacific transport. Part II: Interannual variability and climate connections","volume":"19","author":"Gong","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2835","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL067589","article-title":"Asian dust transport during the last century recorded in Lake Suigetsu sediments","volume":"43","author":"Nagashima","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-011-0839-4","article-title":"Possible influence of Arctic Oscillation on dust storm frequency in North China","volume":"21","author":"Mao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-009-0687-4","article-title":"Arctic oscillation and the interannual variability of dust emissions from the Tarim Basin: A TOMS AI based study","volume":"35","author":"Gao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clim. Dynam."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13368","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD029385","article-title":"Influence of Central Siberian Snow-Albedo Feedback on the Spring East Asian Dust Cycle and Connection with the Preceding Winter Arctic Oscillation","volume":"123","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2010.10.020","article-title":"Influence of Arctic Oscillation on dust activity over northeast Asia","volume":"45","author":"Mao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.1324","article-title":"East Asian dust storm and weather disturbance: Possible links to the Arctic Oscillation","volume":"26","author":"Gong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"024026","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/8\/2\/024026","article-title":"The impact of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation on the frequency of spring dust storms over Tarim Basin in northwest China in the past half-century","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L10201","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL019465","article-title":"Antarctic oscillation and the dust weather frequency in North China","volume":"31","author":"Fan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L14710","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL029944","article-title":"Correlation between east Asian dust storm frequency and PNA","volume":"34","author":"Gong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-019-05094-4","article-title":"Impact of Arctic amplification on declining spring dust events in East Asia","volume":"54","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clim. Dynam."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4439","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-016-3515-7","article-title":"Frequency of spring dust weather in North China linked to sea ice variability in the Barents Sea","volume":"51","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clim. Dynam."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.4028","article-title":"The effects of ENSO under negative AO phase on spring dust activity over northern China: An observational investigation","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2006.05.080","article-title":"Long-term variation of Asian dust and related climate factors","volume":"40","author":"Hara","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/514434c","article-title":"Open access to Earth land-cover map","volume":"514","author":"Jun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3624","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-11-00015.1","article-title":"MERRA: NASA\u2019s modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications","volume":"24","author":"Rienecker","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5419","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-16-0758.1","article-title":"The modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications, version 2 (MERRA-2)","volume":"30","author":"Gelaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6823","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-16-0609.1","article-title":"The MERRA-2 aerosol reanalysis, 1980 onward. Part I: System description and data assimilation evaluation","volume":"30","author":"Randles","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2019.117176","article-title":"Temporal variation of dust emissions in dust sources over Central Asia in recent decades and the climate linkages","volume":"222","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20255","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD000053","article-title":"Sources and distributions of dust aerosols simulated with the GOCART model","volume":"10","author":"Ginoux","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020046","article-title":"Impact of radiatively interactive dust aerosols in the NASA GEOS-5 climate model: Sensitivity to dust particle shape and refractive index","volume":"119","author":"Colarco","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2390","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2017.05.0170","article-title":"Integrated analysis of dust transport and budget in a severe Asian dust event","volume":"17","author":"Jing","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aerosol. Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, W.R., Che, H.Z., Gui, K., Wang, Y.Q., and Zhang, X.Y. (2020). Can MERRA-2 reanalysis data reproduce the three-dimensional evolution characteristics of a typical dust process in East Asia? A case study of the dust event in May 2017. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12060902"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144860","article-title":"Drivers to dust emissions over dust belt from 1980 to 2018 and their variation in two global warming phases","volume":"767","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3345","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-3345-2013","article-title":"The global 3-D distribution of tropospheric aerosols as characterized by CALIOP","volume":"13","author":"Winker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11398","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JD021796","article-title":"Climate effects of dust aerosols over East Asian arid and semiarid regions","volume":"119","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5045","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-5045-2008","article-title":"Airborne dust distributions over the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas derived from the first year of CALIPSO lidar observations","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4129","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-4129-2018","article-title":"CALIPSO lidar level 3 aerosol profile product: Version 3 algorithm design","volume":"11","author":"Tackett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5701","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-5701-2018","article-title":"Extinction and optical depth retrievals for CALIPSO\u2019s Version 4 data release","volume":"11","author":"Young","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, D., Zhao, T.L., Boiyo, R., Chen, S.Y., Lu, Z.Q., Wu, Y., and Zhao, Y. (2019). Vertical structures of dust aerosols over East Asia based on CALIPSO retrievals. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11060701"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3097","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-3097-2019","article-title":"From ERA-Interim to ERA5: The considerable impact of ECMWF\u2019s next-generation reanalysis on Lagrangian transport simulations","volume":"19","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11802-021-4496-7","article-title":"Evaluating the accuracy of ERA5 wave reanalysis in the water around China","volume":"20","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ocean. Univ. China"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4349","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-13-4349-2021","article-title":"ERA5-Land: A state-of-the-art global reanalysis dataset for land applications","volume":"13","author":"Dutra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1058958","article-title":"Regional climate impacts of the Northern Hemisphere annular mode","volume":"293","author":"Thompson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1126\/science.269.5224.676","article-title":"Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: Regional temperatures and precipitation","volume":"269","author":"Hurrell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2014.07.031","article-title":"Spatio-temporal analysis of vegetation variation in the Yellow River Basin","volume":"51","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9671.2011.01280.x","article-title":"A contextual Mann-Kendall approach for the assessment of trend significance in image time series","volume":"15","author":"Neeti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trans. Gis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2017.08.051","article-title":"Simulation and evaluation of dust emissions with WRF-Chem (v3. 7.1) and its relationship to the changing climate over East Asia from 1980 to 2015","volume":"167","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2000)013<1000:AMITEC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Annular modes in the extratropical circulation. Part I: Month-to-month variability","volume":"13","author":"Thompson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50122","article-title":"Modeling the transport and radiative forcing of Taklimakan dust over the Tibetan Plateau: A case study in the summer of 2006","volume":"118","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JD014794","article-title":"Influences of Arctic Oscillation and Madden-Julian Oscillation on cold surges and heavy snowfalls over Korea: A case study for the winter of 2009\u20132010","volume":"115","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4674","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-3228.1","article-title":"Asian jet waveguide and a downstream extension of the North Atlantic Oscillation","volume":"17","author":"Watanabe","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-012-2015-x","article-title":"Characteristics, processes, and causes of the spatio-temporal variabilities of the East Asian monsoon system","volume":"29","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4229","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-018-4165-8","article-title":"The changing relationship between the December North Atlantic Oscillation and the following February East Asian trough before and after the late 1980s","volume":"51","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clim. Dynam."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2018.12.009","article-title":"Atmospheric dynamics associated with exceptionally dusty conditions over the eastern Mediterranean and Greece in March 2018","volume":"218","author":"Kaskaoutis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.667","article-title":"Desertification in north China: Background, anthropogenic impacts and failures in combating it","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Land. Degrad Dev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.03.068","article-title":"Temporal and spatial variations in sand and dust storm events in East Asia from 2007 to 2016: Relationships with surface conditions and climate change","volume":"633","author":"An","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2915","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1315126111","article-title":"Afforestation in China cools local land surface temperature","volume":"111","author":"Peng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3091.2006.00775.x","article-title":"On the effect of moisture bonding forces in air-dry soils on threshold friction velocity of wind erosion","volume":"53","author":"Ravi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sedimentology"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/2\/410\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:04:56Z","timestamp":1760119496000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/2\/410"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15020410"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15020410","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]}}}