{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T11:43:21Z","timestamp":1768909401887,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Neotropical Migratory Bird Conservation Act of 2000","award":["F15AP00964"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F15AP00964"]}]},{"name":"Neotropical Migratory Bird Conservation Act of 2000","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Neotropical Migratory Bird Conservation Act of 2000","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Neotropical Migratory Bird Conservation Act of 2000","award":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Neotropical Migratory Bird Conservation Act of 2000","award":["162 de 25\/fev\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["162 de 25\/fev\/2016"]}]},{"name":"Neotropical Migratory Bird Conservation Act of 2000","award":["SISBIO 42418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SISBIO 42418"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology through funds attributed to CESAM","award":["F15AP00964"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F15AP00964"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology through funds attributed to CESAM","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology through funds attributed to CESAM","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology through funds attributed to CESAM","award":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology through funds attributed to CESAM","award":["162 de 25\/fev\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["162 de 25\/fev\/2016"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology through funds attributed to CESAM","award":["SISBIO 42418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SISBIO 42418"]}]},{"name":"PORTARIA MCT","award":["F15AP00964"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F15AP00964"]}]},{"name":"PORTARIA MCT","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PORTARIA MCT","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PORTARIA MCT","award":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PORTARIA MCT","award":["162 de 25\/fev\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["162 de 25\/fev\/2016"]}]},{"name":"PORTARIA MCT","award":["SISBIO 42418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SISBIO 42418"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Migratory shorebirds are currently at significant risk, with populations of multiple species dropping globally, often due to habitat disruption and loss. The coast of northern Brazil, along the states of Par\u00e1 and Maranh\u00e3o, encompasses one of the broadest expanses of shorebird overwintering habitat for many shorebird species in the Atlantic Americas Flyway. Delineating how current management protects shorebird habitat is an important first step to identifying gaps in protections that then need to be prioritized. Different frameworks of conservation decision-making, such as focusing on flagship, umbrella, or biodiversity, can be used to prioritize what habitat needs to be protected. Understanding the effects of these different conservation perspectives is key to making informed management decisions. Multiple dates of Landsat 8 imagery at different tidal stages were used to identify intertidal habitats for further analysis. MaxEnt species distribution models were derived for each species using remote sensing and landscape metrics, as well as point-count survey data collected during the winters of 2016 and 2017. Landsat 8 and Sentinel 2 image data were included as direct inputs to the model rather than interpreted and mapped first into different habitat types. The resulting Maxent models successfully delineated between presence and absence locations for five of the eight target shorebird species. The model outputs were combined to map the intertidal habitat covered under several different management scenarios. These scenarios included using red knots as a flagship species, semipalmated sandpipers as an umbrella species, and species richness as a metric of shorebird diversity. Slightly more than 25% of delineated intertidal habitat was found to be included within a designated Marine Extractive Reserve, with three major gaps in current protections identified. The flagship, umbrella, and biodiversity perspectives result in different prioritizations of these distinct locations. While umbrella and diversity approaches are successful at protecting diverse communities, community assemblages of rarer or specialist species, such as the red knots, may fall outside their protective shadows. A hybrid approach that uses both diversity and the extent of rare flagship species produces results that best meet the management goals of identifying gaps in existing conservation to protect the most at-risk species while conserving the diverse assemblages they coexist with.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15020452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T03:11:02Z","timestamp":1673493062000},"page":"452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Distribution Modeling and Gap Analysis of Shorebird Conservation in Northern Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Merchant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8551, USA"}]},{"given":"Richard G.","family":"Lathrop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8551, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5693-9795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos David","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Studies on the Sea Environment, Universidad de Lisboa,1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Am Obstberg 1, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany"},{"name":"Behavior Theory and Research Core, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Rua Augusto, Correa 01, Guam\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Paludo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation, Brasilia 70670-350, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Larry","family":"Niles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Restoration Partnerships, 109 Market Lane, Greenwich, NJ 08323, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2870-5494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph A. M.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Fish & Wildlife Service, Oceanville, NJ 08231, USA"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Feigin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Restoration Partnerships, 109 Market Lane, Greenwich, NJ 08323, USA"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Dey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endangered and Nongame Species Program, Division of Fish and Wildlife, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, 501 E. State Street, Trenton, NJ 08625-0402, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colwell, M.A. (2010). 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