{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T09:08:23Z","timestamp":1768208903635,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42001051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001051"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41931180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41931180"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2019QZKK0201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0201"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["SKLFSE201921"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLFSE201921"]}]},{"name":"the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) program","award":["42001051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001051"]}]},{"name":"the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) program","award":["41931180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41931180"]}]},{"name":"the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) program","award":["2019QZKK0201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0201"]}]},{"name":"the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) program","award":["SKLFSE201921"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLFSE201921"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering","award":["42001051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001051"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering","award":["41931180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41931180"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering","award":["2019QZKK0201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0201"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering","award":["SKLFSE201921"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLFSE201921"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Soil temperature plays an essential role in the permafrost thermal state and degradation process. Especially the soil temperatures at 10 cm and 50 cm depths in the active layer, which are much easier to be observed in situ, have great effects on the surface water cycles and vegetation, and could be used as the upper boundary for permafrost models to simulate the thermal state of the permafrost and active layer thicknesses. However, due to the limitations of the observation data, there are still large uncertainties in the soil temperature data, including at these two depths, in the permafrost region of Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau (QTP). In this study, we evaluated and calibrated the applicability of four daily shallow soil temperature datasets (i.e., MERRA-2, GLDAS-Noah, ERA5-Land, and CFSR) by using the in situ soil temperature data from eight observation sites from 2004 to 2018 in the permafrost region along the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Engineering Corridor. The results revealed that there were different uncertainties for all four sets of reanalysis data, which were the largest (Bias = \u22122.44 \u00b0C) in CFSR and smallest (Bias= \u22120.43 \u00b0C) in GLDAS-Noah at depths of 10 cm and 50 cm. Overall, the reanalysis datasets reflect the trends of soil temperature, and the applicability of reanalysis data at 50 cm depth is better than at 10 cm depth. Furthermore, the GLDAS-Noah soil temperatures were recalibrated based on our observations using multiple linear regression and random forest models. The accuracy of the corrected daily soil temperature was significantly improved, and the RMSE was reduced by 1.49 \u00b0C and 1.28 \u00b0C at the depth of 10 cm and 50 cm, respectively. The random forest model performed better in the calibration of soil temperature data from GLDAS-Noah. Finally, the warming rates of soil temperature were analyzed, which were 0.0994 \u00b0C\/a and 0.1005 \u00b0C\/a at 10 cm and 50 cm depth from 2004 to 2018, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15020455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T03:47:01Z","timestamp":1673495221000},"page":"455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Spatiotemporal Variations of Soil Temperature at 10 and 50 cm Depths in Permafrost Regions along the Qinghai-Tibet Engineering Corridor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mengdi","family":"Jiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"},{"name":"Cryosphere Research Station on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guojie","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryosphere Research Station on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9430-0551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianting","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4445-224X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Defu","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryosphere Research Station on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zanpin","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"},{"name":"Cryosphere Research Station on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongping","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryosphere Research Station on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7590-0412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangyue","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryosphere Research Station on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2878-2051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erji","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryosphere Research Station on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minxuan","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingxu","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"626","article-title":"Analysis on the applicability of reanalysis soil temperature and moisture datasets over Qinghai-Tibetan plateau","volume":"37","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plateau Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"307","article-title":"Soil thermal regime in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its adjacent regions during 1977\u20132006","volume":"7","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. 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