{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T11:05:56Z","timestamp":1762254356342,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Laoshan Laboratory","award":["LSKJ202202700","42206022","42076024","41821004","GASI-01-ATP-STwin","2022M713677","QDBSH202108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LSKJ202202700","42206022","42076024","41821004","GASI-01-ATP-STwin","2022M713677","QDBSH202108"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LSKJ202202700","42206022","42076024","41821004","GASI-01-ATP-STwin","2022M713677","QDBSH202108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LSKJ202202700","42206022","42076024","41821004","GASI-01-ATP-STwin","2022M713677","QDBSH202108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Global Change and Air-Sea Interaction II","award":["LSKJ202202700","42206022","42076024","41821004","GASI-01-ATP-STwin","2022M713677","QDBSH202108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LSKJ202202700","42206022","42076024","41821004","GASI-01-ATP-STwin","2022M713677","QDBSH202108"]}]},{"name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["LSKJ202202700","42206022","42076024","41821004","GASI-01-ATP-STwin","2022M713677","QDBSH202108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LSKJ202202700","42206022","42076024","41821004","GASI-01-ATP-STwin","2022M713677","QDBSH202108"]}]},{"name":"Qingdao postdoctoral application research project","award":["LSKJ202202700","42206022","42076024","41821004","GASI-01-ATP-STwin","2022M713677","QDBSH202108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LSKJ202202700","42206022","42076024","41821004","GASI-01-ATP-STwin","2022M713677","QDBSH202108"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exploring multi-timescale tidal variability is fundamental and necessary for numerous practical purposes, such as flood protection, marine cultivation, and ocean transport. It is well known that tides show significant seasonal, inter-annual, and 18.61-year nodal variability. Less known and less discussed is the subseasonal tidal variability (i.e., ter-annual, quarter-annual, and penta-annual cycles) in the coastal ocean. In this study, we explore subseasonal tidal modulations in the Gulf of Tonkin via the combination of four tide gauges and 27-year multi-satellite altimeter observations. Both tide gauges and satellite altimeters indicate that tidal subseasonality is significant in the Gulf of Tokin, although the amplitudes of subseasonal variations are much smaller than those of seasonal variations. Compared to spatially limited tide gauges, satellite altimeters successfully derive the basin-scale tidal subseasonality in the Gulf of Tonkin. The largest amplitude of subseasonal tidal constituents originated from the subseasonality of main tidal constituents, and can reach as high as 31.8 mm. It is suggested that subseasonal variations in ocean environments (e.g., sea levels and ocean stratification) induce tidal subseasonality through changing tidal propagation and dissipation. Although powerful, satellite altimeters also have some defects. Due to tidal aliasing related to long-period sampling intervals, some subseasonal tidal constituents are indistinguishable in satellite altimeter records.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15020466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T02:29:57Z","timestamp":1673576997000},"page":"466","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Subseasonal Tidal Variability in the Gulf of Tonkin Observed by Multi-Satellite Altimeters and Tide Gauges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8804-7772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haidong","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"First Institute of Oceanography, and Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China"},{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Qingdao 266061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bingtian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6181-1742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tengfei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Institute of Oceanography, and Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China"},{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Qingdao 266061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1217-6973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zexun","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Institute of Oceanography, and Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China"},{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Qingdao 266061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2021.107570","article-title":"Application of the Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) Method to River Tides","volume":"261","author":"Gan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Estuar. 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