{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T07:49:36Z","timestamp":1769845776540,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41931074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41931074"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42074018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42074018"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42061134007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42061134007"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41704012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41704012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The depletion of shallow groundwater has seriously affected the sustainable development of water resources in the North China Plain (NCP). Based on 556 well monitoring observations over a period of 13 years, we quantitatively evaluated the shallow groundwater sustainability in the NCP via various indices (e.g., the reliability, resilience, vulnerability, and sustainability indices), and further discussed the contribution of different drivers (including climatic and non-climatic factors). The main conclusions are summarized as follows: (1) the yearly trend of shallow groundwater shows a serious long-term deficit in the Piedmont Plain but is not significant in the East-Central Plain. (2) As for the sustainability of shallow groundwater in the NCP, the reliability is below the medium level (reliability &lt; 0.5) in most areas and the ability of shallow aquifers to restore groundwater is very weak (resilience &lt; 0.2), while the lack of groundwater storage in most shallow aquifers is not serious (vulnerability &lt; 0.4). The final sustainability index (&lt;0.1) shows the poor sustainability of most shallow aquifers in the NCP. (3) The non-climatic factor is the dominant driver of shallow groundwater depletion in the NCP when compared to the climatic factor. This result is helpful to formulate the water management policies for sustainable shallow groundwater storage in the NCP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15020474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T04:02:04Z","timestamp":1673582524000},"page":"474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Quantitative Assessment of Shallow Groundwater Sustainability in North China Plain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0169-9015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement and Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, PGMF and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"Institute of Geophysics and PGMF, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement and Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, PGMF and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"Institute of Geophysics and PGMF, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement and Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, PGMF and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"Institute of Geophysics and PGMF, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Zhicai","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement and Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, PGMF and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"Institute of Geophysics and PGMF, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"100855","article-title":"Identification of the terrestrial water storage change features in the North China Plain via independent component analysis","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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