{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T16:30:54Z","timestamp":1773505854605,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]],"date-time":"2023-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traction spoofing is an important component of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) intermediate attacks, and the traction scheme directly determines the concealment of spoofing. However, spoofing via conventional traction strategies can be easily detected using Time of Arrival (TOA) and power detection. Based on a BPSK-modulated signal, a novel traction strategy using traction code is proposed to suppress part of the authentication signal and form an ideal correlation peak. This strategy was modeled and simulated to verify its theoretical feasibility. Effective spoofing data were generated based on the signal generation software to verify the spoofing effect with the reception of the software receiver. It can be inferred that no significant distortion occurred throughout the traction process, and the value range of the traction speed was expanded. The received results in different scenarios demonstrated that the observations\u2019 Root-Mean-Square Error (RMSE) percentage change in the proposed strategy is significantly better than those of conventional strategies. A Ratio Test was also performed, verifying that the strategy can bypass Signal Quality Monitoring (SQM) detection. Meanwhile, the proposed strategy remained effective when the C\/N0 increased to 60 dBHz. In summary, the proposed strategy exhibits destructiveness, concealment, and adaptability on the battlefield.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15020500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T04:31:32Z","timestamp":1673843492000},"page":"500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Spoofing Traction Strategy Based on the Generation of Traction Code"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ning","family":"Ji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation, Positioning and Timing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongnan","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation, Positioning and Timing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information Sensing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Decai","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation, Positioning and Timing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaofei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation, Positioning and Timing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation, Positioning and Timing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Qi, Y. (2019). Research on GNSS Multi Spoofing Strategy Based on Software Defined Receiver. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics]."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"79","article-title":"Review and Prospect of GNSS Anti-spoofing Techniques","volume":"1","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Navig. Position"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Overview of Satellite Navigation Spoofing Signal Detection Technology","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"GNSS World China"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1109\/TST.2013.6678905","article-title":"Intermediate Spoofing Strategies and Countermeasures","volume":"18","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tsinghua Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"313527","article-title":"GNSS Spoofing Detection Based on Signal Power Measurements: Statistical Analysis","volume":"2012","author":"Dehghanian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Navig. Obs."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1002\/sat.1012","article-title":"GPS spoofer countermeasure effectiveness based on signal strength, noise power, and C\/N0 measurements","volume":"30","author":"Jahromi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Satell. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1017\/S0373463315001010","article-title":"Advanced Anti-Spoofing Methods in Tracking Loop","volume":"69","author":"Mosavi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Navig."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cavaleri, A., Motella, B., Pini, M., and Fantino, M. (2010, January 8\u201310). Detection of Spoofed GPS Signals at Code and Carrier Tracking Level. Proceedings of the 5th ESA Workshop on Satellite Navigation Technologies\/European Workshop on GNSS Signals and Signal Processing (NAVITEC), European Space Res & Technol Ctr, Noordwijk, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1109\/NAVITEC.2010.5708016"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y.C., Li, H., and Lu, M.Q. (2015, January 13\u201315). Performance Assessment of Signal Quality Monitoring Based GNSS Spoofing Detection Techniques. Proceedings of the 6th China Satellite Navigation Conference (CSNC), Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-46638-4_68"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"163","article-title":"Research on GNSS Intelligent Coherent Tracking Spoofing Jamming Method andIts Effectiveness Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mod. Navig."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"948","article-title":"GNSS time spoofing detection and discrimination based on clock bias hypothesis test","volume":"44","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Syst. Eng. Electron."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Gao, Y. (2020). Research on Key Technologies of Satellite Navigation Spoofing Interference. [Master\u2019s Thesis, PLA Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University]."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Fantino, M., Molino, A., Mulassano, P., Nicola, M., and Rao, M. (2009, January 1\u20133). Signal Quality Monitoring: Correlation Mask Based on Ratio Test Metrics for Multipath Detection. Proceedings of the International Global Navigation Satellite Systems Society, IGNSS Symposium 2009, Surfers Paradise, Australia."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/2\/500\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:05:54Z","timestamp":1760119554000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/2\/500"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15020500"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15020500","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]]}}}